A Modest Proposal: For preventing the children of poor people in Ireland, from being a burden on their parents or country, and for making them beneficial to the publick — Page 8

Vocabulary

しかし

shikashi — However; conjunction used to introduce a contrasting statement.

かくも

kakumo — So much; to such a degree (literary/formal).

優れた

sugureta — Excellent; outstanding; superior in quality or ability.

友人

yūjin — Friend; a person one has a friendly relationship with.

で

de — Particle indicating location, means, or copula context.

あり

ari — Formal stem of 'aru'; to be or exist (formal writing).

功績

kōseki — Achievement; meritorious service or distinguished contribution.

ある

aru — To exist; to have; basic existential verb for inanimate things.

愛国者

aikokusha — Patriot; a person who loves and serves their country.

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, time, target, or indirect object.

対して

taishite — Toward; in relation to; against (a person or thing).

然るべき

sarubeki — Appropriate; proper; as it ought to be (formal).

べき

beki — Should; ought to; expresses obligation or expectation.

敬意

keii — Respect; reverence shown toward someone worthy of honor.

を

wo — Object-marking particle indicating the direct object of a verb.

払い

harai — To pay; to show (respect); stem form of 払う.

つつも

tsutsumo — Even while; although; concessive conjunction in formal writing.

も

mo — Also; even; too; inclusive or emphatic particle.

私

watashi — I; me; first-person singular pronoun (polite/neutral).

は

wa — Topic-marking particle indicating the subject of discussion.

彼

kare — He; him; third-person singular masculine pronoun.

の

no — Possessive or nominalizing particle connecting nouns.

意見

iken — Opinion; view; one's expressed thought on a matter.

全面的

zenmenteki — Complete; total; across-the-board; fully comprehensive.

同意

dōi — Agreement; consent; to agree with a statement or proposal.

する

suru — To do; versatile verb used to perform an action.

こと

koto — Thing; fact; nominalizer turning verbs into noun phrases.

でき

deki — Can; to be able to; stem form of できる.

ない

nai — Negative auxiliary; not; does not exist or occur.

という

to iu — Called; known as; used to define or quote something.

男児

danji — Male child; boy (formal or literary usage).

関して

kanshite — Regarding; concerning; in relation to a topic.

アメリカ

Amerika — America; the United States of America.

知人

chijin — Acquaintance; a person one knows but is not close friends with.

が

ga — Subject-marking particle; also marks contrast or emphasis.

度重なる

tabishiganaru — Repeated; occurring again and again; frequent (formal).

経験

keiken — Experience; knowledge gained through personal involvement.

から

kara — From; because; particle indicating origin or reason.

保証

hoshō — Guarantee; assurance; to certify that something is true.

した

shita — Did; past tense of する (to do).

ところ

tokoro — Place; point; circumstance; nominalizer for situations.

よれば

yoreba — According to; based on (information from a source).

彼ら

karera — They; them; third-person plural pronoun.

肉

niku — Meat; flesh; edible animal tissue used as food.

絶え間ない

taemanai — Ceaseless; unrelenting; without any pause or interruption.

運動

undō — Exercise; movement; physical activity or campaign.

よって

yotte — By means of; therefore; due to (formal causal connective).

我々

wareware — We; us; first-person plural pronoun (formal/literary).

学童

gakudō — School-age child; pupil attending elementary school.

と

to — And; with; quotation particle connecting nouns or clauses.

同様

dōyō — Similarly; in the same way; likewise.

概して

gaishite — Generally; on the whole; as a rule (formal adverb).

固く

kataku — Firmly; tightly; hard (adverbial form of 固い).

痩せ

yase — Lean; thin; to become slim (stem of 痩せる).

て

te — Te-form connective particle linking sequential actions.

おり

ori — Formal progressive auxiliary; is being; humble form of いる.

その

sono — That; the; demonstrative determiner referring to nearby thing.

味

aji — Taste; flavor; the sensory quality of food or drink.

不快

fukai — Unpleasant; disagreeable; causing discomfort or displeasure.

太らせ

futorase — To fatten; to make someone or something gain weight.

費用

hiyō — Cost; expense; money required for a purpose.

見合わ

miawa — To match; to correspond to; proportionate to cost or value.

次に

tsugini — Next; secondly; following that in sequence.

女児

joji — Female child; girl (formal or literary usage).

謹んで

tsutsushinde — Respectfully; humbly; with reverence (formal expression).

申し上げれ

mōshiagere — To humbly say; humble form of 言う (to say).

これ

kore — This; this thing (proximal demonstrative pronoun).

公益

kōeki — Public interest; benefit to the general public or society.

上

ue — Above; on; in terms of; regarding (position or perspective).

損失

sonshitsu — Loss; damage; financial or material detriment suffered.

なる

naru — To become; to result in; to turn into something.

あろう

arō — Probably is; volitional form of ある expressing conjecture.

考える

kangaeru — To think; to consider; to reflect on something carefully.

なぜなら

nazenara — Because; the reason being; used to introduce an explanation.

彼女たち

kanojotachi — They (female); them; third-person plural feminine pronoun.

やがて

yagate — Before long; eventually; in due course (literary adverb).

自ら

mizukara — Oneself; by oneself; personally without another's help.

子

ko — Child; offspring; young one (general or possessive sense).

産む

umu — To give birth; to bear a child or produce offspring.

者

mono — Person; one who does something (nominalizer for people).

さらに

sarani — Furthermore; additionally; even more; to a greater degree.

加えて

kuwaete — In addition; added to that; moreover (formal connective).

良心的

ryōshinteki — Conscientious; guided by moral principles and good conscience.

な

na — Na-adjective linker; connects na-adjectives to nouns.

人々

hitobito — People; persons; plural form of person in general.

中

naka — Inside; among; in the middle of a group or space.

よう

yō — Seems like; in order to; appearance or resemblance marker.

慣行

kankō — Custom; established practice; conventional way of doing things.

実際

jissai — In reality; actually; in practice (formal adverb or noun).

全く

mattaku — Completely; entirely; absolutely; utterly (strong intensifier).

不当

futō — Unjust; improper; unreasonable; contrary to fairness or law.

残酷

zankoku — Cruel; brutal; showing complete lack of mercy or compassion.

さ

sa — Nominalizing suffix turning adjectives into abstract nouns.

些か

ikasuka — Somewhat; a little; slightly (formal/literary adverb).

近い

chikai — Near; close; short distance or resemblance in degree.

もの

mono — Thing; something; nominalizer for objects or abstract ideas.

して

shite — As; doing; te-form of する connecting actions or roles.

非難

hinan — Criticism; blame; condemning someone's actions or behavior.

し

shi — And; moreover; te-form of する or listing conjunction.

がち

gachi — Tend to; prone to; inclined toward a negative tendency.

出て

dete — Coming out; emerging; te-form of 出る (to exit).

こない

konai — Does not come; negative form of くる (to come).

限ら

kagira — Limited to; confined to (stem of 限る, to limit).

この

kono — This; demonstrative determiner for something nearby.

点

ten — Point; aspect; particular detail or element in question.

こそ

koso — Precisely; indeed; emphatic particle stressing the preceding word.

いかに

ikani — No matter how; however (formal emphatic adverb).

善意

zen'i — Good faith; good intentions; benevolent motive or will.

基づく

motozuku — To be based on; to be founded upon something.

あれ

are — Even if it is; whether it may be (concessive conditional form).

いかなる

ikanaru — Any; whatever; no matter what kind (formal literary determiner).

計画

keikaku — Plan; project; scheme; organized intention to achieve something.

常に

tsuneni — Always; constantly; at all times without exception.

最も

mottomo — Most; the greatest degree; superlative adverb in Japanese.

強く

tsuyoku — Strongly; powerfully; forcefully (adverbial form of 強い).

異議

igi — Objection; dissent; formal disagreement with a decision.

唱えて

tonaete — To raise; to advocate; to voice an objection or slogan.

き

ki — Have done; past experiential auxiliary (literary form of きた).

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary; indicates completion of an action.

告白

kokuhaku — Confession; honest disclosure of thoughts, feelings, or sins.