A Tale of Two Cities — Page 3

Vocabulary

É

eh — Third person singular of 'ser'; means 'is'

bem

beng — Well; used to express agreement or quality

provável

proh-VAH-vel — Likely or probable to happen

que

keh — That; conjunction connecting clauses

nos

nohsh — In the; contraction of 'em' and 'os'

toscos

TOHS-koosh — Rough, crude, or rudely made

barracões

bah-hah-SOYNG — Large sheds or rough outbuildings

de

deh — Of or from; common preposition

alguns

al-GOONGSH — Some; referring to an unspecified number

lavradores

lah-vrah-DOH-resh — Farmers or agricultural workers who till land

das

dahsh — Of the; feminine plural contraction

terras

TEH-hahsh — Lands or earth; rural territories

pesadas

peh-ZAH-dahsh — Heavy; describing dense or difficult terrain

adjacentes

ah-djah-SEN-tesh — Adjacent; nearby or neighboring places

a

ah — To or at; basic preposition of direction

estivessem

esh-tee-VEH-seng — Past subjunctive of 'estar'; were (conditionally)

abrigadas

ah-bree-GAH-dahsh — Sheltered or protected from the elements

intempéries

in-tem-PEH-ree-esh — Harsh weather; exposure to the elements

naquele

nah-KEH-leh — In that; contraction of 'em' and 'aquele'

mesmo

MEZ-moo — Same; used for emphasis or identity

dia

DEE-ah — Day; a period of twenty-four hours

rudes

HOO-desh — Rude, rough, or unsophisticated in nature

carroças

kah-HOH-sahsh — Carts or wagons pulled by animals

salpicadas

sal-pee-KAH-dahsh — Splattered or speckled with a substance

lama

LAH-mah — Mud or thick wet earth

rústica

HOOSH-tee-kah — Rustic; rural and rough in character

farejadas

fah-reh-ZHAH-dahsh — Sniffed or scented by an animal

por

pohr — By or through; common preposition

porcos

POHR-koosh — Pigs; domestic farm animals

e

eh — And; basic coordinating conjunction

usadas

oo-ZAH-dahsh — Used; employed for a particular purpose

poleiro

poh-LAY-roo — Perch or roost for birds

aves

AH-vesh — Birds; feathered flying creatures

domésticas

doh-MESH-tee-kahsh — Domestic; tame animals kept at home

o

oh — The; masculine singular definite article

Lavrador

lah-vrah-DOHR — Farmer; one who cultivates the land

Morte

MOHR-teh — Death; the end of life

já

zhah — Already or now; indicating prior completion

havia

ah-VEE-ah — Had; past tense of 'haver'

reservado

heh-zehr-VAH-doo — Reserved or set aside for a purpose

para

PAH-rah — For or to; indicates purpose or direction

serem

SEH-reng — Infinitive plural of 'ser'; to be

suas

SOO-ahsh — His, her, or their; possessive pronoun

da

dah — Of the; feminine singular contraction

Revolução

heh-voh-loo-SOWNG — Revolution; a major political or social upheaval

Mas

mahsh — But; conjunction showing contrast

aquele

ah-KEH-leh — That; demonstrative pronoun for distant things

Lenhador

leh-nyah-DOHR — Woodcutter; one who chops or gathers wood

embora

em-BOH-rah — Although; conjunction indicating concession

trabalhem

trah-BAH-lyeng — Subjunctive of 'trabalhar'; that they work

incessantemente

in-seh-san-teh-MEN-teh — Incessantly; without stopping or pausing

trabalham

trah-BAH-lyowng — They work; third person plural present tense

em

eng — In or at; basic locative preposition

silêncio

see-LEN-syoo — Silence; complete absence of sound

ninguém

nin-GENG — Nobody; not any person at all

os

ohsh — Them or the; masculine plural article/pronoun

ouvia

oh-VEE-ah — Was hearing; imperfect tense of 'ouvir'

enquanto

en-KWAHN-too — While; during the time that something happens

andavam

an-DAH-vang — Were walking; imperfect of 'andar'

passos

PAH-soosh — Steps or footsteps; units of walking

abafados

ah-bah-FAH-doosh — Muffled or stifled; sounds dampened

ainda

ah-IN-dah — Still or yet; indicating continuation

mais

mahysh — More; comparative of quantity or degree

porque

pohr-KEH — Because; conjunction explaining a reason

nutrir

noo-TREER — To nourish or harbor a feeling or idea

qualquer

kwal-KEHR — Any; referring to any one thing

suspeita

soosh-PAY-tah — Suspicion; a feeling of distrust

estavam

esh-TAH-vang — Were; imperfect tense of 'estar'

despertos

desh-PEHR-toosh — Awake or alert; not sleeping

era

EH-rah — Was; imperfect tense of 'ser'

ser

sehr — To be; fundamental verb of identity

ateísta

ah-teh-EES-tah — Atheist; one who does not believe in God

traidor

trah-ee-DOHR — Traitor; one who betrays their country

Na

nah — In the; feminine singular contraction

Inglaterra

in-glah-TEH-hah — England; country in the United Kingdom

mal

mahl — Barely or badly; insufficient degree

uma

OO-mah — A or one; feminine indefinite article

quantidade

kwan-tee-DAH-deh — Quantity or amount of something

ordem

OHR-deng — Order; arrangement or command

proteção

proh-teh-SOWNG — Protection; act of keeping safe

suficiente

soo-fee-SYEN-teh — Sufficient; enough for a given purpose

justificar

zhoosh-tee-fee-KAHR — To justify; to give valid reason for something

muito

MWEE-too — Very or much; indicates high degree

orgulho

ohr-GOO-lyoo — Pride; feeling of satisfaction in achievement

nacional

nah-syoh-NAHL — National; relating to a country as whole