Anna Karenina — Page 3

Vocabulary

自由党

jiyūtō — Liberal Party; a political party favoring individual freedoms

は

wa — Topic marker particle indicating the sentence topic

結婚

kekkon — Marriage; the union of two people

と

to — Particle meaning 'and' or 'with'; quotation marker

まったく

mattaku — Completely, entirely, absolutely; used for emphasis

時代遅れ

jidaiokure — Outdated, behind the times, old-fashioned

の

no — Possessive or nominalizing particle connecting nouns

制度

seido — System, institution, or established social structure

で

de — Particle indicating means, location of action, or 'and'

あり

ari — Formal conjunctive form of 'aru' meaning 'to be'

再構築

saikōchiku — Reconstruction, rebuilding, restructuring something

が

ga — Subject marker particle indicating grammatical subject

必要

hitsuyō — Necessary, needed, required; a necessity

だ

da — Copula meaning 'is/are'; plain form of desu

言っ

it(te) — Said, spoke; conjunctive form of 'iu' (to say)

て

te — Conjunctive particle connecting sequential actions

い

i — Stem of 'iru'; indicates ongoing state or action

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary indicating completed action

そして

soshite — And then, and also; connects sentences or clauses

家庭

katei — Home, household, family life

生活

seikatsu — Daily life, living, lifestyle

確か

tashika — Certainly, surely, truly; reliable or definite

に

ni — Particle indicating location, direction, time, or purpose

ほとんど

hotondo — Almost, mostly, nearly; the greater part

満足

manzoku — Satisfaction, contentment; being satisfied

を

wo — Object marker particle indicating direct object

与え

atae — Give, provide, grant; conjunctive form of 'ataeru'

ず

zu — Negative auxiliary meaning 'without doing' or 'not'

彼

kare — He, him; third-person masculine pronoun

嘘

uso — Lie, falsehood, untruth

偽善

gizen — Hypocrisy, insincerity, pretended virtue

へ

e — Directional particle meaning 'toward' or 'to'

追いやっ

oiyat(te) — Drive away, push into; force someone into a situation

それ

sore — That; demonstrative pronoun referring to something nearby

本性

honshō — True nature, innate character, one's real self

とっ

tot(te) — For, to; conjunctive form of 'toru' or 'totte' (for)

ひどく

hidoku — Terribly, severely, awfully; adverb from 'hidoi'

不快

fukai — Unpleasant, uncomfortable, disagreeable

な

na — Adjectival particle linking na-adjective to noun

もの

mono — Thing, object; used to nominalize or add nuance

だっ

dat(ta) — Past form of 'da'; was, were (copula)

宗教

shūkyō — Religion, faith, religious belief

民衆

minshū — The masses, common people, the populace

野蛮

yaban — Barbaric, savage, uncivilized behavior or people

階級

kaikyū — Social class, rank, stratum in society

抑制

yokusei — Suppression, restraint, control of impulses

する

suru — To do; general-purpose action verb

ため

tame — For the sake of, in order to, because of

束縛

sokubaku — Restraint, bondage, restriction, binding constraint

過ぎ

sugi — Too much, excessive; suffix meaning 'overly'

ない

nai — Not, does not exist; negative auxiliary

いや

iya — No, or rather; used to correct or reconsider

むしろ

mushiro — Rather, instead, on the contrary

そう

sō — That way, so, like that; agreement or assertion

理解

rikai — Understanding, comprehension, grasp of meaning

さ

sa — Casual sentence-ending or nominalizing suffix

せ

se — Causative auxiliary stem; make or let someone do

短い

mijikai — Short, brief in length or duration

礼拝

reihai — Worship, religious service, act of reverence

さえ

sae — Even; particle indicating an extreme or unexpected case

立ちっぱなし

tachippanashi — Standing the whole time without sitting down

足

ashi — Foot, leg; lower limb of the body

痛く

itaku — Painfully; adverbial form of 'itai' (painful)

なる

naru — To become, to turn into something

こと

koto — Thing, fact, act; nominalizer for verb phrases

なく

naku — Without; negative conjunctive form of 'nai'

終える

oeru — To finish, complete, bring to an end

でき

deki — Can do, be able; stem of 'dekiru' (to be possible)

なかっ

nakat(ta) — Past negative; was not able or did not exist

し

shi — And; particle listing reasons or connected actions

この世

konoyo — This world, the present life, earthly existence

これ

kore — This; demonstrative pronoun for nearby thing

ほど

hodo — To the extent of, as much as, about

楽しく

tanoshiku — Enjoyably, pleasantly; adverbial form of 'tanoshii'

生き

iki — Live; stem of 'ikiru' (to live, to be alive)

られる

rareru — Potential or passive auxiliary; can do or be done

いう

iu — To say, to be called, to be described as

あの世

anoyo — The afterlife, the next world, the hereafter

つい

tsui — Unintentionally, inadvertently; just, only recently

あれ

are — That over there; distal demonstrative pronoun

恐ろしく

osoroshiku — Terribly, dreadfully; adverb from 'osoroshii'

大仰

ōgyō — Exaggerated, pompous, overly dramatic

言葉

kotoba — Word, language, speech, expression

目的

mokuteki — Purpose, goal, objective, aim

何

nani / nan — What; interrogative pronoun asking for identification

か

ka — Question marker particle; or 'whether' in embedded clauses

ついぞ

tsuizo — Never at all; used with negatives for emphasis

そのうえ

sono ue — Moreover, furthermore, on top of that

冗談

jōdan — Joke, jest, humorous remark

好き

suki — Like, fond of, to be a fan of something

もし

moshi — If, supposing that; introduces conditional statement

自分

jibun — Oneself, one's own; reflexive pronoun

出自

shutsuji — One's origins, ancestry, lineage, background

誇り

hokori — Pride, honor, self-respect

思う

omou — To think, feel, consider, believe something

なら

nara — If, given that; conditional particle

ところ

tokoro — Place, point, situation; just about to do

止まら

tomara — Not stop; negative stem of 'tomaru' (to stop)

一族

ichizoku — Clan, family lineage, tribe

最初

saisho — First, beginning, the very start

始祖

shiso — Founder, ancestor, originator of a lineage

ある

aru — To exist, to be; used for inanimate subjects

猿

saru — Monkey, ape; primate animal

否定

hitei — Denial, negation, rejection of a claim

す

su — Archaic or literary form of 'suru' (to do)

べき

beki — Should, ought to; expresses obligation or expectation

素朴

soboku — Simple, naive, unsophisticated, plain and honest

人々

hitobito — People, folks; plural form of 'hito' (person)

困惑

konwaku — Perplexity, bewilderment, confusion

せる

seru — Causative suffix; make or let someone do something

好ん

kokon(de) — Liking, preferring; conjunctive form of 'konomu'

かくして

kakushite — Thus, in this way, and so; formal connective

自由主義

jiyūshugi — Liberalism; political philosophy valuing individual freedom

習慣

shūkan — Habit, custom, usual practice

なり

nari — Became; classical copula or conjunctive suffix

夕食後

yūshokugo — After dinner, following the evening meal

葉巻

hamaki — Cigar; rolled tobacco leaf for smoking

同様

dōyō — Same way, likewise, similarly, in the same manner

新聞

shinbun — Newspaper, daily news publication

頭

atama — Head; the upper part of the body

中

naka — Inside, within, middle, among

ほんのり

honnori — Faintly, slightly, softly; a delicate trace of something

広げ

hiroge — Spread, open up, expand; stem of 'hirogeru'

くれる

kureru — To give (to me/us); to do something for someone

靄

moya — Haze, mist, light fog in the atmosphere

ゆえ

yue — Because of, therefore; formal reason or cause