Cranford — Page 3

Vocabulary

Tienen

They have; third person plural of tener

algunos

Some; a few of something

paraguas

Umbrella; device used for protection from rain

de

Of; from; preposition indicating origin or material

seda

Silk; a smooth, soft fabric from silkworms

roja

Red; feminine adjective describing color red

en

In; at; preposition indicating location or time

Londres

London; capital city of England

Teníamos

We had; first person plural imperfect of tener

la

The; feminine singular definite article

tradición

Tradition; a custom passed down through generations

del

Of the; contraction of de and el

primero

First; the one before all others

que

That; which; conjunction or relative pronoun

se

Reflexive pronoun used with verbs in Spanish

había

There was; had; auxiliary verb in past perfect

visto

Seen; past participle of ver (to see)

jamás

Never; ever; strong negation or emphasis

y

And; coordinating conjunction linking words or phrases

los

The; masculine plural definite article

niños

Children; young boys or kids in general

pequeños

Small; little; adjective describing small size

lo

It; him; direct object pronoun (masculine)

rodearon

They surrounded; past tense of rodear

masa

Mass; crowd; a large group of people

llamaron

They called; past tense of llamar

un

A; an; masculine singular indefinite article

palo

Stick; pole; a long rigid piece of wood

con

With; preposition indicating accompaniment or means

enaguas

Petticoats; underskirts worn beneath a dress

Podría

Could; conditional form of poder (to be able)

haber

To have; auxiliary infinitive used in compound tenses

sido

Been; past participle of ser (to be)

el

The; masculine singular definite article

mismo

Same; himself; emphasizing identity or sameness

he

I have; first person singular of haber

descrito

Described; past participle of describir

sostenido

Held; sustained; past participle of sostener

por

By; for; through; preposition with multiple uses

padre

Father; male parent of a child

robusto

Robust; strong; sturdy and physically powerful

sobre

Over; above; on top of something

grupo

Group; a collection of people or things together

pobre

Poor; lacking money or resources; unfortunate

señorita

Miss; young unmarried woman; polite address

superviviente

Survivor; one who lives through hardship or danger

todos

All; everyone; referring to the entire group

apenas

Barely; hardly; scarcely able to do something

podía

Could; was able to; imperfect of poder

cargarlo

To carry it; to bear or lift the object

Luego

Then; later; afterward in a sequence

normas

Rules; norms; standards or guidelines to follow

reglamentos

Regulations; formal rules governing conduct or procedure

para

For; in order to; preposition indicating purpose

las

The; feminine plural definite article

visitas

Visits; social calls made to see someone

llamadas

Calls; visits; formal social calls to someone

anunciaban

They announced; imperfect tense of anunciar

a

To; at; preposition indicating direction or recipient

cualquier

Any; whatever; referring to an unspecified person or thing

joven

Young person; youth; someone of young age

pudiera

Could; might; imperfect subjunctive of poder

estar

To be; verb expressing state or condition

hospedado

Lodged; staying as a guest somewhere

ciudad

City; a large urban settlement or town

toda

All; entire; whole; feminine form of todo

solemnidad

Solemnity; formality; serious and ceremonious manner

antiguas

Ancient; old; adjective describing great age

leyes

Laws; rules established by authority or custom

leían

They read; imperfect tense of leer

una

A; one; feminine singular indefinite article

vez

Time; occasion; once; a single instance

al

To the; contraction of a and el

año

Year; a period of twelve months

monte

Mountain; hill; elevated natural landform

Nuestros

Our; first person plural possessive adjective

amigos

Friends; people one has a close relationship with

han

Have; third person plural of haber (auxiliary)

mandado

Sent; ordered; past participle of mandar

preguntar

To ask; to inquire about something

cómo

How; in what way; interrogative or exclamative word

encuentra

Finds; feels; third person singular of encontrar

usted

You; formal second person singular pronoun

tras

After; behind; following something in time or space

su

His; her; your; their; possessive adjective

viaje

Trip; journey; travel from one place to another

esta

This; feminine singular demonstrative adjective

noche

Night; the period of darkness after sunset

querida

Dear; beloved; affectionate term of address

quince

Fifteen; the number 15

millas

Miles; units of distance measurement

carruaje

Carriage; a horse-drawn wheeled vehicle for passengers

caballero

Gentleman; knight; a well-mannered honorable man

mañana

Tomorrow; the day following today

le

To him; to her; indirect object pronoun

dejarán

They will let; future tense of dejar

descansar

To rest; to relax after effort or travel

pero

But; however; conjunction expressing contrast

pasado

Past; the day after tomorrow when used with mañana

no

No; not; negation word in Spanish

me

Me; myself; first person singular object pronoun

cabe

Fits; there is room; third person of caber

duda

Doubt; uncertainty about something being true

vendrán

They will come; future tense of venir

visitarla

To visit her; infinitive with direct object pronoun

así

Like this; so; in this way or manner

esté

Be; present subjunctive of estar

libre

Free; available; not occupied or restrained

después

After; afterward; later in time or order

doce

Twelve; the number 12

tres

Three; the number 3

son

Are; third person plural of ser (to be)

nuestras

Our; feminine plural first person possessive adjective

horas

Hours; units of time lasting sixty minutes each

visita

Visit; a social call or appointment to see someone

hubieran

Had; past perfect subjunctive of haber

venido

Come; past participle of venir (to come)

visitar

To visit; to go see someone socially

Es

Is; third person singular of ser (to be)

tercer

Third; ordinal number before a masculine noun

día

Day; a 24-hour period of time

atrevo

I dare; first person of atreverse (to dare)

decir

To say; to tell; to express in words

mamá

Mom; mother; informal word for one's mother

ha

Has; third person singular of haber (auxiliary)

dicho

Said; told; past participle of decir

nunca

Never; at no time; strong negation of frequency

deje

Let; allow; present subjunctive of dejar

pasar

To pass; to let go by; to happen

más

More; a greater quantity or degree of something

días

Days; plural of día; periods of 24 hours

entre

Between; among; in the middle of two things

recibir

To receive; to accept or welcome something or someone

devolverla

To return it; to give back to her

también

Also; too; in addition to something else

debe

Must; should; third person singular of deber

quedarse

To stay; to remain in a place

cuarto

Quarter; fourth; one quarter of an hour

hora

Hour; a unit of time equal to sixty minutes

Pero

But; however; conjunction indicating contrast

debo

I must; I should; first person of deber

mirar

To look; to watch; to direct one's gaze

mi

My; first person singular possessive adjective

reloj

Watch; clock; device for measuring time

Cómo

How; in what way; used in questions

voy

I go; I am going; first person of ir

saber

To know; to have knowledge or information

cuándo

When; at what time; used in questions