Cranford — Page 1

Vocabulary

NOTRE

notr — Our; first person plural possessive adjective.

SOCIÉTÉ

so-sye-tay — Society; a group of people living together.

En

ahn — In, at, or by; common French preposition.

premier

pruh-myay — First; occurring before all others in order.

lieu

lyuh — Place; used in expressions like 'en premier lieu'.

est

eh — Is; third person singular of 'être' (to be).

en

ahn — In, at, by; versatile French preposition or adverb.

possession

po-seh-syohn — Possession; the state of owning or holding something.

des

day — Of the; plural indefinite or partitive article.

Amazones

ah-mah-zon — Amazons; mythical female warriors; independent women.

toutes

toot — All; feminine plural form of 'tout'.

les

lay — The; definite plural article in French.

propriétaires

pro-prye-tair — Owners; people who legally possess property or homes.

de

duh — Of, from; extremely common French preposition.

maisons

may-zohn — Houses; buildings used as places of residence.

au

oh — To the, at the; contraction of 'à' and 'le'.

dessus

duh-sew — Above, over; indicating a position higher than something.

d'

d — Of; elided form of 'de' before a vowel.

un

uhn — A, an, one; masculine singular indefinite article.

certain

sehr-tan — Certain, a certain; indicating an unspecified amount or level.

loyer

lwah-yay — Rent; the payment made to occupy a property.

sont

sohn — Are; third person plural of 'être' (to be).

femmes

fahm — Women; adult female human beings.

Si

see — If; conditional conjunction introducing a hypothetical clause.

couple

koo-pluh — Couple; two people in a romantic or married relationship.

marié

mah-ryay — Married; having entered into the state of matrimony.

vient

vyahn — Comes; third person singular of 'venir' (to come).

s'

s — Oneself; elided reflexive pronoun before a vowel.

installer

an-stah-lay — To settle, install; to establish oneself in a place.

dans

dahn — In, inside; preposition indicating location within something.

la

lah — The; feminine singular definite article.

ville

veel — Town, city; an urban settlement of significant size.

une

ewn — A, an, one; feminine singular indefinite article.

manière

mah-nyair — Manner, way; the style or method of doing something.

ou

oo — Or; coordinating conjunction expressing an alternative.

autre

ohtr — Other, another; indicating a different person or thing.

le

luh — The; masculine singular definite article.

monsieur

muh-syuh — Mister, gentleman; a polite title for an adult male.

disparaît

dees-pah-ray — Disappears; third person singular of 'disparaître'.

soit

swah — Either, or; used to present alternatives in French.

il

eel — He, it; third person masculine singular pronoun.

tout

too — All, entirely, quite; used as adjective or adverb.

bonnement

bon-mahn — Simply, plainly; used in 'tout bonnement' meaning just.

mort

mor — Dead; having lost all signs of life.

peur

puhr — Fear; a feeling of anxiety caused by danger.

être

ehtr — To be; fundamental French linking and auxiliary verb.

seul

suhl — Alone, only; without others or being the only one.

homme

om — Man; an adult male human being.

soirées

swah-ray — Evenings, parties; social gatherings held in the evening.

on

ohn — One, we, they; impersonal subject pronoun in French.

justifie

zhews-tee-fee — Justifies; explains or gives reasons for an action.

par

par — By, through; preposition indicating means or agent.

fait

feh — Fact; something known to be true or real.

qu'

k — That; elided form of 'que' before a vowel.

avec

ah-vek — With; preposition expressing accompaniment or association.

son

sohn — His, her, its; third person singular possessive adjective.

régiment

ray-zhee-mahn — Regiment; a military unit composed of several battalions.

navire

nah-veer — Ship; a large vessel for traveling on water.

étroitement

ay-trwat-mahn — Closely, tightly; in a close or confined manner.

engagé

ahn-gah-zhay — Engaged, committed; deeply involved in an activity or cause.

affaires

ah-fair — Business, affairs; commercial or professional matters.

toute

toot — All, every; feminine singular form of 'tout'.

semaine

suh-men — Week; a period of seven consecutive days.

grande

grahnd — Large, great; feminine form indicating significant size or importance.

commerciale

ko-mehr-syal — Commercial; relating to trade and business activities.

voisine

vwah-zeen — Neighboring; situated nearby or close to something else.

distante

dees-tahnt — Distant; located far away from a reference point.

seulement

suhl-mahn — Only, just; indicating a restriction or small quantity.

vingt

van — Twenty; the cardinal number between nineteen and twenty-one.

miles

meel — Miles; unit of distance, approximately 1.6 kilometers each.

chemin

shuh-man — Path, road; a route or way from one place.

fer

fair — Iron; metal, also used in 'chemin de fer' (railway).

Bref

bref — In short, briefly; used to summarize or conclude.

quoi

kwah — What; interrogative or relative pronoun in French.

advienne

ahd-vyen — Whatever happens; subjunctive form of 'advenir' (to occur).

messieurs

meh-syuh — Gentlemen, sirs; plural polite title for adult males.

ils

eel — They; third person masculine plural subject pronoun.

ne

nuh — Not; part of French negation, used with 'pas'.

pas

pah — Not; used with 'ne' to form French negation.

à

ah — To, at, in; very common French preposition.

Que

kuh — What, that; conjunction or interrogative pronoun.

pourraient

poo-reh — Could; conditional third person plural of 'pouvoir'.

faire

fair — To do, to make; fundamental and versatile French verb.

y

ee — There, it; pronoun replacing a previously mentioned place.

étaient

ay-teh — Were; imperfect third person plural of 'être' (to be).

Le

luh — The; masculine singular definite article in French.

chirurgien

shee-rewr-zhyan — Surgeon; a medical doctor who performs operations.

sa

sah — His, her, its; third person singular feminine possessive adjective.

tournée

toor-nay — Tour, round; a series of visits made in sequence.

trente

trahnt — Thirty; the cardinal number between twenty-nine and thirty-one.

dort

dor — Sleeps; third person singular of 'dormir' (to sleep).

mais

meh — But; coordinating conjunction expressing contrast or opposition.

peut

puh — Can, may; third person singular of 'pouvoir'.

Pour

poor — For, in order to; preposition expressing purpose or intent.

entretenir

ahn-truh-tuh-neer — To maintain, keep up; to preserve something in good condition.

jardins

zhar-dan — Gardens; cultivated outdoor spaces with plants and flowers.

soignés

swah-nyay — Well-kept, neat; carefully maintained in good order.

remplis

rahm-plee — Filled; containing a large amount of something inside.

fleurs

fluhr — Flowers; colorful blooms produced by plants.

choisies

shwah-zee — Chosen, select; carefully selected from available options.

sans

sahn — Without; preposition indicating the absence of something.

mauvaise

moh-vez — Bad, wicked; feminine form indicating poor quality or harm.

herbe

ehrb — Grass, herb, weed; low-growing green plant matter.

pour

poor — For, to; preposition expressing purpose or benefit.

tacher

tah-shay — To stain, to try; here likely 'tâcher' meaning to try.

chasser

shah-say — To chase, hunt; to drive away or pursue someone.

petits

puh-tee — Small, little; masculine plural diminutive adjective.

garçons

gar-sohn — Boys; young male children or youths.

qui

kee — Who, which, that; relative or interrogative pronoun.

regardent

ruh-gard — Look at; third person plural of 'regarder' (to look).

envie

ahn-vee — Envy, desire; a longing or craving for something else.

travers

trah-vair — Through, across; used in 'à travers' meaning through.

grilles

greey — Gates, railings; metal bars forming a fence or barrier.

se

suh — Oneself; reflexive pronoun used with reflexive verbs.

précipiter

pray-see-pee-tay — To rush, to throw; to move or act very hastily.

sur

sewr — On, upon, over; preposition indicating position above something.

oies

wah — Geese; plural of 'oie', a large water bird.

aventurent

ah-vahn-tewr — Venture; third person plural reflexive of 's'aventurer'.

parfois

par-fwah — Sometimes, occasionally; at some but not all times.

si

see — If, so; conditional conjunction or intensifying adverb.

portails

por-tay — Gates; large entrance doors or gateway structures.

laissés

leh-say — Left, allowed; past participle of 'laisser' (to leave).

ouverts

oo-vair — Open; masculine plural past participle of 'ouvrir'.

trancher

trahn-shay — To settle, cut; to resolve or decide a question definitively.

questions

keh-styohn — Questions; matters requiring discussion, debate, or resolution.

littérature

lee-tay-rah-tewr — Literature; written works of artistic or intellectual value.

politique

po-lee-teek — Politics; activities related to governance and public affairs.

donner

do-nay — To give; to transfer something to another person.

peine

pen — Trouble, effort, pain; difficulty or effort taken for something.

invoquer

an-vo-kay — To invoke, cite; to call upon reasons or arguments.

raisons

ray-zohn — Reasons; explanations or justifications for an action.

arguments

ar-gew-mahn — Arguments; reasons given to support a claim or position.

superflus

sew-pehr-flew — Superfluous, unnecessary; exceeding what is needed or required.

obtenir

ob-tuh-neer — To obtain, get; to acquire or achieve something desired.

connaissance

ko-neh-sahns — Knowledge, acquaintance; information or familiarity with something.

claire

klair — Clear; easily understood or perceived without confusion.

exacte

eg-zakt — Exact, precise; perfectly accurate without error or deviation.

chacun

shah-kuhn — Each one, everyone; referring to each individual separately.

paroisse

pah-rwas — Parish; a local church community and its district.

tenir

tuh-neer — To hold, keep; to maintain something in a state.

leurs

luhr — Their; third person plural possessive adjective in French.

servantes

sehr-vahnt — Servants, maids; female domestic workers in a household.

admirable

ad-mee-rahbl — Admirable; deserving of high regard or approval.

ordre

ordr — Order; a neat, organized state or arrangement of things.

bonté

bohn-tay — Kindness, goodness; the quality of being generous and caring.

quelque

kel-kuh — Some, a little; indicating a small or vague quantity.

peu

puh — Little, few; indicating a small amount or degree.

dictatoriale

deek-tah-to-ryal — Dictatorial; exercising authority in an overbearing, domineering way.

envers

ahn-vair — Toward, with regard to; preposition expressing attitude toward someone.

pauvres

pohvr — Poor; lacking sufficient money or material possessions.

vrais

vreh — True, real; masculine plural adjective meaning genuine or authentic.

tendres

tahndr — Tender, gentle; showing softness and affectionate care.

bons

bohn — Good; masculine plural adjective indicating positive quality.

offices

o-fees — Services, offices; helpful acts or duties performed for others.

rendus

rahn-dew — Rendered, given; past participle of 'rendre' (to give back).

unes

ewn — Some; feminine plural pronoun, used in 'les unes aux autres'.

aux

oh — To the; contraction of 'à' and 'les' (plural).

autres

ohtr — Others; plural referring to different or remaining individuals.

chaque

shahk — Each, every; used before a singular noun for emphasis.

fois

fwah — Time, instance; occurrence of an event or action.

elles

el — They; third person feminine plural subject pronoun.

détresse

day-tres — Distress; a state of suffering, hardship, or danger.

dames

dahm — Ladies; polite term for adult women in society.

suffisantes

sew-fee-zahnt — Sufficient, self-sufficient; having enough or being adequately capable.