Cranford — Page 3

Vocabulary

Avez

Second person plural form of 'avoir' (to have)

vous

You (plural or formal singular pronoun)

des

Indefinite plural article meaning 'some' or 'any'

parapluies

Umbrellas; portable canopies used for rain protection

en

In, made of; preposition indicating material or location

soie

Silk; a fine, smooth fabric from silkworms

rouge

Red; a primary color associated with passion or danger

à

To, at, in; common French preposition with many uses

Londres

London; the capital city of England and the UK

Nous

We; first person plural subject pronoun in French

avions

We had; imperfect tense of 'avoir' (to have)

la

The; definite article for feminine singular nouns

tradition

Tradition; a custom or practice passed down through generations

du

Of the; contraction of 'de' and 'le' (masculine)

premier

First; the ordinal number indicating the earliest position

qui

Who, which, that; relative or interrogative pronoun

eût

Had; past subjunctive form of 'avoir' (to have)

jamais

Never, ever; adverb expressing absence or extreme occurrence

été

Been; past participle of 'être' (to be)

vu

Seen; past participle of 'voir' (to see)

et

And; the most basic coordinating conjunction in French

les

The; definite article for plural nouns in French

petits

Small, little; plural masculine adjective indicating small size

garçons

Boys; young male children or youths

l'

The; elided definite article before a vowel or h

entourèrent

Surrounded; simple past of 'entourer' (to surround)

foule

Crowd; a large group of people gathered together

appelèrent

Called; simple past of 'appeler' (to call or name)

un

A, an; indefinite article for masculine singular nouns

bâton

Stick, rod; a long thin rigid object or staff

jupon

Petticoat, underskirt; a woman's undergarment worn beneath skirts

C'

It; elided form of 'ce' before a vowel sound

était

Was, were; imperfect tense of 'être' (to be)

peut

Can, may; third person singular of 'pouvoir' (can)

être

To be; fundamental French infinitive verb of existence

bien

Well, good; adverb expressing manner or affirmation

le

The; definite article for masculine singular nouns

parapluie

Umbrella; a portable canopy protecting against rain

que

That, which, whom; conjunction or relative pronoun

j'

I; elided first person singular pronoun before vowel

ai

Have; first person singular present of 'avoir' (to have)

décrit

Described; past participle of 'décrire' (to describe)

tenu

Held; past participle of 'tenir' (to hold)

par

By, through; preposition indicating agent or means

robuste

Robust, sturdy; strong and healthy in constitution

père

Father; a male parent or paternal figure

au

At the, to the; contraction of 'à' and 'le'

dessus

Above, over; adverb or preposition indicating higher position

d'

Of, from; elided preposition before a vowel or h

une

A, an; indefinite article for feminine singular nouns

troupe

Troop, group; a company of people or performers

pauvre

Poor; lacking money or evoking pity and sympathy

petite

Small, little; feminine singular adjective indicating small size

dame

Lady, woman; a respectful term for an adult woman

survivante

Survivor; a female person who has survived hardship

tous

All, every; masculine plural adjective or pronoun

pouvait

Could; imperfect tense of 'pouvoir' (to be able)

peine

Hardly, barely; adverb meaning with great difficulty

porter

To carry, to wear; verb indicating bearing or wearing

Il

He, it; third person masculine singular subject pronoun

y

There, it; pronoun replacing a place or indirect object

avait

Had, there was; imperfect of 'avoir' (to have)

ensuite

Then, next; adverb indicating what comes afterward

règles

Rules; established principles or regulations to be followed

règlements

Regulations; official rules governing conduct or procedures

pour

For, in order to; preposition indicating purpose or recipient

visites

Visits; occasions of going to see someone or somewhere

appels

Calls; instances of calling someone or making a call

ils

They; third person masculine plural subject pronoun

étaient

Were; imperfect tense plural form of 'être' (to be)

annoncés

Announced; past participle of 'annoncer' (to announce)

tout

All, every, quite; adjective or adverb of totality

jeune

Young; adjective describing someone of a young age

visiteur

Visitor; a person who visits a place or someone

séjournant

Staying; present participle of 'séjourner' (to stay)

dans

In, inside; preposition indicating location within something

ville

City, town; an urban area with residents and infrastructure

avec

With; preposition indicating accompaniment or manner

toute

All, every; feminine singular form of 'tout'

solennité

Solemnity; a serious and formal ceremonial quality or atmosphere

laquelle

Which; feminine singular relative or interrogative pronoun

anciennes

Ancient, old; feminine plural adjective meaning old or former

lois

Laws; official rules enacted by governing authorities

lues

Read; feminine plural past participle of 'lire' (to read)

fois

Time(s); a unit counting occurrences of an event

an

Year; a period of twelve calendar months

sur

On, upon; preposition indicating position on a surface

mont

Mount, mountain; a large natural elevation of earth

Nos

Our; first person plural possessive adjective in French

amis

Friends; people with whom one has a close bond

ont

Have; third person plural present of 'avoir' (to have)

envoyé

Sent; past participle of 'envoyer' (to send)

prendre

To take; an essential verb meaning to take or get

vos

Your; second person plural possessive adjective in French

nouvelles

News; information about recent events or someone's wellbeing

après

After; preposition or adverb indicating subsequent time or order

votre

Your; second person plural or formal possessive adjective

voyage

Journey, trip; travel from one place to another

ce

This, that, it; demonstrative pronoun or adjective

soir

Evening; the later part of the day before night

ma

My; first person singular feminine possessive adjective

chère

Dear; feminine adjective expressing affection or high cost

quinze

Fifteen; the cardinal number between fourteen and sixteen

miles

Miles; units of distance measurement, approximately 1.6 km each

voiture

Car, carriage; a vehicle used for transportation

gentleman

Gentleman; a well-mannered and respected man of refinement

laisseront

Will let, will leave; future tense of 'laisser' (to let)

reposer

To rest; to relax and recover from tiredness or effort

demain

Tomorrow; the day following today

mais

But; coordinating conjunction expressing contrast or opposition

jour

Day; a 24-hour period or the hours of daylight

suivant

Following, next; adjective indicating the one coming after

je

I; first person singular subject pronoun in French

n'

Not; elided negative particle used before a vowel

doute

Doubt; uncertainty or lack of confidence about something

pas

Not; negative adverb used with 'ne' for negation

viendront

Will come; future tense of 'venir' (to come)

rendre

To render, to return, to pay; versatile French verb

visite

Visit; a social call or trip to see someone

soyez

Be; imperative or subjunctive form of 'être' (to be)

donc

So, therefore; conjunction indicating consequence or conclusion

libre

Free, available; not occupied or constrained by obligation

midi

Noon, midday; twelve o'clock in the middle of the day

trois

Three; the cardinal number between two and four

heures

Hours, o'clock; units of time or times of day

sont

Are; third person plural present of 'être' (to be)

nos

Our; first person plural possessive adjective in French

Puis

Then, next; adverb indicating what follows in sequence

furent

Were; simple past of 'être' (to be), third plural

venus

Come; masculine plural past participle of 'venir' (to come)

est

Is; third person singular present of 'être' (to be)

troisième

Third; ordinal number indicating position number three

suppose

Suppose, assume; to think something is likely or true

maman

Mom, mum; an informal word for mother used affectionately

a

Has; third person singular present of 'avoir' (to have)

dit

Said; past participle or simple past of 'dire' (to say)

ne

Not; negative particle used with 'pas' or other words

laisser

To let, to leave; to allow or permit something

passer

To pass; to go by, elapse, or move through

plus

More, no more; adverb of quantity or negation

jours

Days; plural of 'jour', periods of twenty-four hours

entre

Between, among; preposition indicating a position in between

réception

Reception; the act of receiving or an official welcome

sa

His, her, its; third person singular possessive adjective

reddition

Surrender; the act of giving up or yielding to another

aussi

Also, too, so; adverb indicating addition or consequence

devez

Must, have to; second person plural of 'devoir' (to owe/must)

rester

To stay, to remain; to continue being in a place

quart

Quarter; one fourth of a whole, often a quarter hour

heure

Hour; a unit of time equal to sixty minutes

Mais

But; coordinating conjunction expressing contrast or objection

dois

Must, have to; first person singular of 'devoir' (to must)

regarder

To look at, to watch; to direct one's gaze toward

montre

Watch; a small timepiece worn on the wrist

Comment

How; interrogative adverb asking about manner or way

saurai

Will know; future tense first singular of 'savoir' (to know)

quand

When; conjunction or adverb referring to a point in time

sera

Will be; future tense of 'être' (to be), third singular

passé

Past, passed; adjective or noun referring to elapsed time