Cranford — Page 5

Vocabulary

Quand

kɑ̃ — When; used to introduce a time clause

Mme

madam — Abbreviation for Madame, title for a woman

par

paʁ — By, per, through; common preposition

exemple

ɛɡzɑ̃pl — Example; instance used to illustrate a point

donnait

dɔnɛ — Was giving; imperfect tense of donner

une

yn — A, an; feminine indefinite article

réception

ʁesɛpsjɔ̃ — Reception, party; a formal social gathering

dans

dɑ̃ — In, inside; common preposition of location

sa

sa — Her, his; feminine singular possessive adjective

maisonnette

mɛzɔnɛt — Small house, cottage; diminutive of maison

de

də — Of, from; very common French preposition

poupée

pupe — Doll; small toy figure resembling a person

et

e — And; basic coordinating conjunction

que

kə — That, which; subordinating conjunction or pronoun

la

la — The; feminine singular definite article

petite

pətit — Small, little; feminine adjective of size

bonne

bɔn — Maid, servant; domestic female household worker

dérangeait

deʁɑ̃ʒɛ — Was disturbing, bothering; imperfect of déranger

les

le — The; plural definite article for both genders

dames

dam — Ladies, women; polite term for adult females

assises

asiz — Seated, sitting; feminine plural past participle

sur

syʁ — On, upon; common preposition of position

le

lə — The; masculine singular definite article

canapé

kanape — Sofa, couch; upholstered seat for multiple people

en

ɑ̃ — In, by; preposition or gerund-forming particle

demandant

dəmɑ̃dɑ̃ — Asking, requesting; present participle of demander

permission

pɛʁmisjɔ̃ — Permission; authorization to do something

retirer

ʁətiʁe — To remove, withdraw, take away something

plateau

plato — Tray; flat board used to carry objects

à

a — To, at; very common French preposition

thé

te — Tea; popular hot beverage made from leaves

dessous

dəsu — Underneath, below; adverb or preposition of position

tout

tu — All, every, everything; common indefinite adjective

monde

mɔ̃d — World; tout le monde means everyone

accueillait

akœjɛ — Was welcoming, receiving; imperfect of accueillir

cette

sɛt — This, that; feminine demonstrative adjective

façon

fasɔ̃ — Way, manner; method of doing something

procéder

pʁosede — To proceed, to go about doing something

insolite

ɛ̃solit — Unusual, strange; out of the ordinary

comme

kɔm — As, like; conjunction or preposition of comparison

chose

ʃoz — Thing; a general object or matter

plus

ply — More, most; used in comparisons and negation

naturelle

natyʁɛl — Natural; feminine adjective meaning normal or innate

du

dy — Of the, some; contracted masculine partitive article

continuait

kɔ̃tinɥɛ — Was continuing; imperfect tense of continuer

parler

paʁle — To speak, to talk; basic communication verb

des

de — Of the, some; plural partitive or contracted article

us

ys — Customs, usages; old-fashioned word for habits

coutumes

kutym — Customs, traditions; established social practices

ménage

menaʒ — Household; domestic arrangement and management

si

si — If, so; conditional conjunction or intensifier

nous

nu — We, us; first person plural pronoun

croyions

kʁwajjɔ̃ — We believed; imperfect tense of croire

tous

tu — All, everyone; masculine plural of tout

notre

nɔtʁ — Our; first person plural possessive adjective

hôtesse

otɛs — Hostess; woman who hosts guests at an event

disposait

dispozɛ — Had at disposal, used; imperfect of disposer

d'

d — Of, from; elided form of preposition de

un

œ̃ — A, an, one; masculine singular indefinite article

véritable

veʁitabl — Real, genuine, true; used for emphasis

office

ɔfis — Pantry, butler's room; service room in a house

table

tabl — Table; flat-surfaced piece of furniture

service

sɛʁvis — Service, set; crockery or formal household staff

avec

avɛk — With; preposition indicating accompaniment or means

gouvernante

ɡuvɛʁnɑ̃t — Governess, housekeeper; woman managing a household

majordome

maʒɔʁdɔm — Butler, majordomo; chief household servant

au

o — To the, at the; contracted masculine article

lieu

ljø — Place; au lieu de means instead of

unique

ynik — Unique, sole, only; one of a kind

pensionnaire

pɑ̃sjɔnɛʁ — Boarder, pupil; person residing at a school

école

ekɔl — School; institution where students receive education

charité

ʃaʁite — Charity; benevolent giving to those in need

dont

dɔ̃ — Whose, of which; relative pronoun replacing de

bras

bʁa — Arm; upper limb of the human body

courts

kuʁ — Short; masculine plural adjective indicating brief length

rougeauds

ʁuʒo — Ruddy, red-faced; having a reddish complexion

n'

n — Not; elided negative particle before vowel

auraient

oʁɛ — Would have; conditional tense of avoir

jamais

ʒamɛ — Never, ever; negative or emphatic time adverb

été

ete — Been; past participle of être (to be)

assez

ase — Enough, quite; adverb of sufficiency or degree

forts

fɔʁ — Strong; masculine plural adjective indicating strength

pour

puʁ — For, in order to; preposition of purpose

monter

mɔ̃te — To go up, carry up; movement upward verb

l'

l — The; elided definite article before a vowel

étage

etaʒ — Floor, storey; level of a building above ground

elle

ɛl — She, her; third person feminine singular pronoun

avait

avɛ — Had; third person singular imperfect of avoir

pas

pa — Not; second part of French negation ne…pas

aidée

ede — Helped; feminine past participle of aider

secret

səkʁɛ — Secret; something kept hidden from others

maîtresse

mɛtʁɛs — Mistress, teacher; woman in charge or authority

laquelle

lakɛl — Which, who; feminine singular relative pronoun

trônait

tʁonɛ — Was enthroned, presided; sat with great authority

présent

pʁezɑ̃ — Present, now; current moment in time

toute

tut — All, whole; feminine singular form of tout

dignité

diɲite — Dignity; composed and worthy manner of conduct

feignant

fɛɲɑ̃ — Pretending, feigning; present participle of feindre

ignorer

iɲɔʁe — To ignore, not know; to be unaware of something

quels

kɛl — Which, what; masculine plural interrogative adjective

gâteaux

ɡato — Cakes; sweet baked desserts, plural of gâteau

avaient

avɛ — Had; third person plural imperfect of avoir

montés

mɔ̃te — Brought up, carried up; masculine plural past participle

bien

bjɛ̃ — Well, good; common adverb of manner or quality

qu'

k — That; elided subordinating conjunction before vowel

sût

sy — Knew; imperfect subjunctive of savoir

savions

savjɔ̃ — We knew; first person plural imperfect of savoir

savait

savɛ — Knew; third person singular imperfect of savoir

qui

ki — Who, which; subject relative or interrogative pronoun

passé

pase — Past, spent; past participle of passer

matinée

matine — Morning; period of time during the morning hours

confectionner

kɔ̃fɛksjɔne — To make, prepare; to craft food or items carefully

pain

pɛ̃ — Bread; staple baked food made from flour

génoises

ʒenwaz — Genoise sponge cakes; light Italian-style sponge cakes

Il

il — He, it; third person masculine singular pronoun

y

i — There, it; adverbial pronoun replacing a place

ou

u — Or; coordinating disjunctive conjunction

deux

dø — Two; the number 2

conséquences

kɔ̃sekɑ̃s — Consequences, results; outcomes following an action

découlant

dekulmɑ̃ — Resulting, flowing from; present participle of découler

pauvreté

povʁəte — Poverty; state of being extremely poor

générale

ʒeneʁal — General, widespread; affecting or involving everyone

mais

mɛ — But; coordinating adversative conjunction

inavouée

inavwe — Unacknowledged, unconfessed; not openly admitted

distinction

distɛ̃ksjɔ̃ — Distinction, refinement; quality of being distinguished

très

tʁɛ — Very; adverb of high degree or intensity

largement

laʁʒəmɑ̃ — Widely, broadly; to a large or great extent

reconnue

ʁəkɔny — Recognized, acknowledged; feminine past participle

étaient

etɛ — Were; third person plural imperfect of être

sans

sɑ̃ — Without; preposition indicating absence or lack

mérite

meʁit — Merit, worth; quality deserving praise or reward

pu

py — Been able to; past participle of pouvoir

être

ɛtʁ — To be; fundamental linking and auxiliary verb

introduites

ɛ̃tʁodɥit — Introduced; feminine plural past participle of introduire

cercles

sɛʁkl — Circles, social circles; exclusive groups of people

société

sɔsjete — Society; organized community or social class

leur

lœʁ — Their, to them; third person plural possessive

grand

ɡʁɑ̃ — Great, big; adjective indicating large size or importance

bénéfice

benefis — Benefit, profit; advantage gained from something

Par

paʁ — By, per, through; preposition beginning a phrase

habitants

abitɑ̃ — Inhabitants, residents; people living in a place

se

sə — Oneself, themselves; reflexive pronoun

couchaient

kuʃɛ — Were going to bed; imperfect of se coucher

tôt

to — Early; adverb indicating an early time

rentraient

ʁɑ̃tʁɛ — Were returning home; imperfect of rentrer

chez

ʃe — At the home of; preposition for someone's place

eux

ø — Them; third person masculine plural stressed pronoun

claquant

klakɑ̃ — Clacking, clattering; present participle of claquer

leurs

lœʁ — Their; plural possessive adjective

patins

patɛ̃ — Skates or overshoes; footwear worn over shoes

guidés

ɡide — Guided, led; masculine plural past participle

porteur

pɔʁtœʁ — Bearer, carrier; person who carries something

lanterne

lɑ̃tɛʁn — Lantern; portable light in a protective casing

vers

vɛʁ — Toward, around; preposition of direction or approximation

neuf

nœf — Nine; the number 9

heures

œʁ — Hours, o'clock; units of time measurement

soir

swaʁ — Evening, night; later part of the day

ville

vil — City, town; urban area where people live

entière

ɑ̃tjɛʁ — Entire, whole; feminine adjective meaning complete

était

etɛ — Was; third person singular imperfect of être

lit

li — Bed; furniture used for sleeping and resting

endormie

ɑ̃dɔʁmi — Asleep; feminine past participle of s'endormir

avant

avɑ̃ — Before; preposition or adverb indicating earlier time

dix

dis — Ten; the number 10

demie

dəmi — Half; feminine form, as in half past the hour