Cranford — Page 12

Vocabulary

彼

kare — He; third-person masculine pronoun.

は

wa — Topic-marking particle in Japanese grammar.

知人

chijin — Acquaintance; person one knows casually.

たち

tachi — Plural suffix for people or animate nouns.

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, location, or indirect object.

向かっ

mukatt(e) — Turned toward; directed oneself toward something.

て

te — Conjunctive particle connecting sequential actions.

うなずき

unazuki — Nodding; gesture of acknowledgment or agreement.

微笑みかけ

hohoemikake — Smiled at someone; directed a smile toward them.

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary verb ending.

しかし

shikashi — However; conjunction indicating contrast or opposition.

嬢

jō — Miss; young woman or unmarried female title.

が

ga — Subject-marking particle in Japanese grammar.

傘

kasa — Umbrella; device used for protection from rain.

を

wo — Object-marking particle indicating direct object.

広げる

hirogeru — To open up; spread or unfold something wide.

の

no — Possessive or nominalizing particle in Japanese.

手伝い

tetsudai — Help; assistance given to someone with a task.

彼女

kanojo — She; third-person feminine pronoun.

祈祷書

kitōsho — Prayer book; book containing religious prayers and texts.

受け取り

uketori — Receiving; act of accepting something handed over.

震える

furueru — To tremble; shake involuntarily from cold or fear.

不安げ

fuange — Anxious-looking; appearing worried or uneasy.

な

na — Adjectival linking particle for na-adjectives.

手

te — Hand; the body part at the end of the arm.

で

de — Particle indicating means, location of action, or cause.

ガウン

gaun — Gown; long formal or dressing robe garment.

たくし上げ

takushiage — Hitched up; lifted or tucked up a garment.

濡れ

nure — Wet; moistened or soaked with liquid.

道

michi — Road; path or street one walks along.

歩き始める

arukihajimeru — To begin walking; start moving on foot.

まで

made — Until; up to a point in time or space.

辛抱強く

shinbōzuyoku — Patiently; with endurance and persevering tolerance.

待っ

matt(e) — Waited; remained in expectation for someone or something.

から

kara — From; after; particle indicating starting point or reason.

ようやく

yōyaku — Finally; at last after considerable time or effort.

誰か

dareka — Someone; an unspecified or unknown person.

と

to — With; and; particle indicating company or quotation.

握手

akushu — Handshake; clasping hands as a greeting or farewell.

し

shi — Did; conjunctive verb form listing multiple actions.

あっ

att(e) — Being; existing; conjunctive form of aru.

奥様方

okusama-gata — Ladies; honorific plural for married or noble women.

パーティー

pātī — Party; social gathering for entertainment or celebration.

大尉

taii — Captain; military officer rank above lieutenant.

どう

dō — How; in what way or manner.

扱っ

atsukatt(e) — Treated; handled or dealt with someone or something.

か

ka — Question-marking particle ending interrogative sentences.

私

watashi — I; first-person singular pronoun.

気

ki — Mind; spirit; feeling or concern about something.

なる

naru — To become; transition into a state or condition.

ところ

tokoro — Point; moment; place or circumstance in context.

だ

da — Copula; plain-form equivalent of 'is' or 'are.'

以前

izen — Previously; before a certain time or event.

カードパーティー

kādo pātī — Card party; social gathering centered on card games.

遣っ

yatt(e) — Did; carried out or performed an action.

たり

tari — Particle listing representative actions among others.

会話

kaiwa — Conversation; spoken exchange between two or more people.

相手

aite — Partner; the other person in an interaction.

なけれ

nakere — Conditional negative form; if there is not.

ば

ba — Conditional particle meaning 'if' or 'when.'

なら

nara — If; conditional form expressing supposition.

ない

nai — Not exist; negative auxiliary or adjective.

紳士

shinshi — Gentleman; refined, well-mannered male person.

い

i — Exist; conjunctive form of iru for animate beings.

こと

koto — Thing; fact; nominalizer for verbal expressions.

しばしば

shibashiba — Often; frequently; occurring many times repeatedly.

喜ん

yokon(de) — Gladly; with pleasure or joy.

もの

mono — Thing; expresses tendency, reminiscence, or expectation.

だっ

datt(a) — Was; past tense copula form.

夜

yoru — Night; the dark period after sunset.

集まり

atsumari — Gathering; a group of people assembled together.

居心地

igokochi — Comfort level; feeling of ease in an environment.

良

yо̄ — Good; positive quality or favorable condition.

さ

sa — Nominalizing suffix turning adjectives into nouns.

互い

tagai — Each other; mutual relationship between two parties.

称え合っ

tataеai — Praised each other; mutually complimented one another.

上品

jōhin — Elegant; refined and graceful in manner or appearance.

へ

e — Toward; directional particle indicating movement destination.

愛着

aichaku — Attachment; deep emotional bond or fondness toward something.

男性

dansei — Male; man; referring to the masculine gender.

嫌悪

ken'o — Disgust; strong feeling of aversion or dislike.

男

otoko — Man; adult male person.

ある

aru — To exist; there is; used for inanimate things.

いう

iu — To say; to call; to refer to something as.

下品

gehin — Vulgar; coarse or lacking refinement and elegance.

ほとんど

hotondo — Almost; nearly; the great majority of something.

自分

jibun — Oneself; reflexive pronoun referring to the self.

言い聞かせ

iikikase — Convinced oneself; told oneself to believe something.

ほど

hodo — To the extent; as much as; degree marker.

だから

dakara — Therefore; so; conjunction showing logical consequence.

友人

yūjin — Friend; a person with whom one has friendship.

あり

ari — Being; existing; conjunctive form of aru.

女主人

onnashujin — Hostess; female head of a household or gathering.

も

mo — Also; too; inclusive particle adding to a list.

名誉

meiyo — Honor; prestige; high regard or esteem from others.

ため

tame — For the sake of; in order to; purpose marker.

開こ

hirako — Let's open; volitional form of to open.

う

u — Volitional ending expressing intention or invitation.

おり

ori — Being; humble or conjunctive form of iru.

招か

maneka — Invited; called or summoned to attend an event.

れ

re — Passive auxiliary suffix attached to verb stems.

いる

iru — To exist; to be present for animate beings.

知っ

shitt(e) — Knew; had knowledge or awareness of something.

とき

toki — When; at the time that something occurs.

その

sono — That; demonstrative adjective for nearby or mentioned things.

どの

dono — Which; interrogative adjective asking about options.

よう

yō — Manner; way; it seems like; appearance.

展開

tenkai — Development; unfolding of events or situations.

ひどく

hidoku — Terribly; severely; to a very bad or intense degree.

なっ

natt(e) — Became; turned into a certain state.

緑

midori — Green; the color between blue and yellow.

ラシャ

rasha — Baize; thick woolen cloth used on card tables.

張っ

hatt(e) — Stretched; covered or spread a surface with material.

カードテーブル

kādo tēburu — Card table; small folding table used for card games.

いつも

itsumo — Always; usually; at all or most times.

日

hi — Day; the daytime; a single calendar day.

うち

uchi — Within; inside; among; during a period.

並べ

narabe — Arranged; lined up objects in an orderly manner.

られ

rare — Passive or potential auxiliary verb suffix.

十一月

jūichigatsu — November; the eleventh month of the year.

第三週

daisanshū — Third week; the week numbered third in a month.

夕暮れ

yūgure — Dusk; twilight; the time just after sunset.

四時

yoji — Four o'clock; the time at 4:00.

頃

koro — Around; approximately; used for approximate time.

やっ

yatt(e) — Came; arrived; colloquial form of やってくる.

き

ki — Came; classical past auxiliary or stem of kuru.

ろうそく

rōsoku — Candle; wax stick burned to provide light.

新しい

atarashii — New; fresh; recently made or not used before.

カード

kādo — Card; playing card used in games.

束

taba — Bundle; a set of things tied or grouped together.

各

kaku — Each; every individual item in a group.

テーブル

tēburu — Table; flat-surfaced piece of furniture.

暖炉

danro — Fireplace; hearth used for heating a room.

火

hi — Fire; flames produced by combustion.

起こさ

okosa — Started; kindled or ignited a fire.

きちんと

kichinto — Properly; neatly; in an orderly and correct manner.

女中

jochū — Maid; female domestic servant working in a household.

最後

saigo — Last; final; the end of a series or sequence.

指示

shiji — Instructions; directions given to guide someone's actions.

受け終え

ukeoe — Finished receiving; completed accepting instructions.

そして

soshite — And then; subsequently; connecting sequential events.

そこ

soko — There; that place; referring to a nearby location.

立ち

tachi — Standing; being in an upright position.

思い思い

omoiomoi — Each in their own way; individually as one pleases.

よそ行き

yosoyuki — Going-out clothes; formal attire worn outside the home.

身

mi — Body; one's person; oneself.

つけ

tsuke — Put on; attached or affixed to one's body.

それぞれ

sorezore — Each; respectively; every one individually.

点け

tsuke — Lit; turned on or ignited a light or candle.

棒

bō — Stick; rod; a long straight rigid object.

持ち

mochi — Held; carrying something in one's hands.

最初

saisho — First; the beginning; earliest in order or time.

ノック

nokku — Knock; rapping sound made on a door.

音

oto — Sound; noise; auditory sensation produced by something.

とたん

totan — The moment; just as; immediately upon something happening.

つけよ

tsukeyo — Light it; imperative to turn on or ignite.

身構え

migamae — Braced oneself; assumed a ready or defensive posture.