Great Expectations — Page 4

Vocabulary

L'

Contraction of 'la' or 'lo' (the) before vowels

hai

Second person singular present of 'avere' (to have)

fatto

Past participle of 'fare'; done, made

dissi

First person singular past of 'dire'; I said

E

Conjunction meaning 'and'

perché

Why; because; used as question or conjunction

l'

Elided form of 'la' or 'lo' before vowels

ho

First person singular present of 'avere'; I have

mi

Reflexive or indirect object pronoun meaning 'me' or 'myself'

piacerebbe

Conditional of 'piacere'; it would please, I would like

saperlo

Infinitive 'sapere' plus 'lo'; to know it

esclamò

Third person singular past of 'esclamare'; he/she exclaimed

mia

Feminine possessive adjective; my

sorella

Sister; female sibling

Piagnucolai

First person singular past of 'piagnucolare'; I whined/whimpered

Non

Negation word meaning 'not'

lo

Third person masculine singular object pronoun; it, him

so

First person singular present of 'sapere'; I know

Io

First person singular subject pronoun; I

disse

Third person singular past of 'dire'; he/she said

rifarei

First person singular conditional of 'rifare'; I would redo

mai

Adverb meaning 'never' or 'ever'

più

Adverb meaning 'more' or 'anymore'

Questo

Demonstrative pronoun/adjective; this, this one

Posso

First person singular present of 'potere'; I can

dire

Infinitive meaning 'to say' or 'to tell'

sinceramente

Adverb meaning 'sincerely' or 'honestly'

che

Conjunction or relative pronoun meaning 'that' or 'which'

sono

First person singular or third person plural of 'essere'; I am, they are

tolta

Past participle of 'togliere'; removed, taken off

grembiule

Apron; protective garment worn over clothing

da

Preposition meaning 'from,' 'since,' or 'by'

quando

Conjunction or adverb meaning 'when'

sei

Second person singular present of 'essere'; you are; also six

nato

Past participle of 'nascere'; born

È

Third person singular present of 'essere'; he/she/it is

già

Adverb meaning 'already' or 'indeed'

abbastanza

Adverb meaning 'enough' or 'quite, fairly'

difficile

Adjective meaning 'difficult' or 'hard'

essere

Infinitive of primary verb 'to be'

la

Feminine definite article meaning 'the'

moglie

Wife; married female partner

di

Preposition meaning 'of,' 'from,' or 'by'

fabbro

Blacksmith; craftsman who works with iron and metal

senza

Preposition meaning 'without'

dover

Contracted infinitive of 'dovere'; to have to, must

fare

Infinitive meaning 'to do' or 'to make'

anche

Adverb meaning 'also,' 'too,' or 'even'

madre

Mother; female parent

te

Stressed form of second person singular pronoun; you

miei

Masculine plural possessive; my (plural)

pensieri

Plural of 'pensiero'; thoughts, ideas

si

Reflexive pronoun third person singular or plural; himself, herself, itself

allontanarono

Third person plural past of 'allontanarsi'; they moved away

quella

Feminine demonstrative adjective; that

domanda

Question; request for information

mentre

Conjunction meaning 'while' or 'whereas'

guardavo

First person singular imperfect of 'guardare'; I was looking at

sconsolatamente

Adverb meaning 'disconsolately,' 'dejectedly,' or 'sadly'

il

Masculine singular definite article; the

fuoco

Fire; flame or burning combustion

Poiché

Conjunction meaning 'since,' 'because,' or 'as'

fuggiasco

Fugitive; person fleeing from authority or danger

là

Adverb of place meaning 'there' (over there)

fuori

Adverb or preposition meaning 'outside' or 'out'

nelle

Contraction of 'in' and 'le'; in the (feminine plural)

paludi

Plural of 'palude'; marshes, swamps, bogs

con

Preposition meaning 'with'

gamba

Leg; lower limb of the human body

in

Preposition meaning 'in,' 'into,' or 'to'

ceppi

Shackles, fetters; metal restraints worn on ankles or wrists

misterioso

Adjective meaning 'mysterious' or 'enigmatic'

giovane

Young person; adjective meaning 'young'

lima

File; metal tool used for cutting or smoothing

cibo

Food; nourishment, something eaten

terribile

Adjective meaning 'terrible,' 'dreadful,' or 'frightful'

impegno

Commitment, engagement, obligation; something promised

avevo

First person singular imperfect of 'avere'; I had

preso

Past participle of 'prendere'; taken, caught

commettere

Infinitive meaning 'to commit' (a crime or act)

furto

Theft; act of stealing something unlawfully

casa

House, home; place where one lives

ospitale

Hospitable; welcoming and generous to guests

levarono

Third person plural past of 'levare'; they rose, they lifted

innanzi

Adverb meaning 'before,' 'ahead,' or 'in front'

tra

Preposition meaning 'between,' 'among,' or 'within'

i

Masculine plural definite article; the

carboni

Plural of 'carbone'; coals, pieces of burning carbon

vendicatori

Plural of 'vendicatore'; avengers, those who take revenge

signora

Mrs., madam; respectful title for an adult woman

riponendo

Gerund of 'riporre'; putting back, replacing

al

Contraction of 'a' and 'il'; to the, at the

suo

Possessive adjective/pronoun third person singular; his, her, its

posto

Place, spot, position; past participle of 'porre' (placed)

Cimitero

Cemetery; graveyard where the dead are buried

davvero

Adverb meaning 'really,' 'truly,' or 'indeed'

Potete

Second person plural present of 'potere'; you (pl.) can

ben

Shortened form of 'bene'; well, indeed

voi

Second person plural subject pronoun; you (plural)

due

Number two; both of them

Uno

Number one; indefinite article; one (of them)

noi

First person plural subject pronoun; we, us

inciso

Past participle of 'incidere'; engraved, carved, incised

aveva

Third person singular imperfect of 'avere'; he/she/it had

detto

Past participle of 'dire'; said, told

affatto

Adverb meaning 'at all,' 'absolutely,' or 'completely'

Voi

Second person plural subject pronoun; you (plural, emphatic)

manderete

Second person plural future of 'mandare'; you will send

uno

Indefinite article or number; one, a/an

questi

Masculine plural demonstrative; these (ones)

giorni

Plural of 'giorno'; days

preziosa

Feminine adjective meaning 'precious,' 'valuable,' or 'dear'

fareste

Second person plural conditional of 'fare'; you (pl.) would do

me

Stressed first person singular pronoun; me

Mentre

Conjunction meaning 'while' or 'as'

lei

Third person feminine pronoun; she, her; also formal 'you'

affaccendava

Imperfect of 'affaccendarsi'; she busied herself, was bustling about

preparare

Infinitive meaning 'to prepare' or 'to get ready'

necessario

Adjective/noun meaning 'necessary' or 'what is needed'

tè

Tea; hot beverage brewed from dried leaves

sbirciò

Third person singular past of 'sbirciare'; he/she peeked, glanced

sopra

Preposition or adverb meaning 'on,' 'above,' or 'over'

come

Adverb/conjunction meaning 'how,' 'like,' or 'as'

se

Conjunction meaning 'if' or reflexive pronoun 'himself/herself'

stesse

Third person singular imperfect subjunctive of 'stare'; were, was staying

mentalmente

Adverb meaning 'mentally' or 'in one's mind'

sommando

Gerund of 'sommare'; adding up, totaling

lui

Third person masculine singular pronoun; he, him

stesso

Adjective/pronoun meaning 'same,' 'himself,' or 'itself'

calcolando

Gerund of 'calcolare'; calculating, reckoning, figuring out

tipo

Type, kind; also colloquially 'guy,' 'fellow'

coppia

Couple, pair; two people or things together

avremmo

First person plural conditional of 'avere'; we would have

praticamente

Adverb meaning 'practically,' 'virtually,' or 'almost'

formato

Past participle of 'formare'; formed, made up

gravi

Plural of 'grave'; serious, severe, grave (circumstances)

circostanze

Plural of 'circostanza'; circumstances, conditions, situations

prefigurate

Past participle of 'prefigurare' (plural feminine); foreseen, prefigured

Dopo

Preposition or adverb meaning 'after' or 'afterwards'

ciò

Demonstrative pronoun meaning 'this,' 'that,' or 'it'

rimase

Third person singular past of 'rimanere'; he/she remained, stayed

seduto

Past participle of 'sedersi'; seated, sitting down

toccarsi

Reflexive infinitive of 'toccare'; to touch oneself

riccioli

Plural of 'ricciolo'; curls, ringlets of hair

biondi

Plural of 'biondo'; blond, fair-haired

baffi

Plural of 'baffo'; mustache, whiskers

sul

Contraction of 'su' and 'il'; on the

lato

Side; one of two flanking parts or aspects

destro

Adjective meaning 'right' (direction); right-hand side

seguire

Infinitive meaning 'to follow' or 'to pursue'

suoi

Masculine plural possessive; his, her, its (plural)

occhi

Plural of 'occhio'; eyes

azzurri

Plural of 'azzurro'; light blue, sky-blue

era

Third person singular imperfect of 'essere'; he/she/it was

sua

Feminine possessive adjective third person singular; his, her, its

abitudine

Habit, custom; a regular practice or behavior

nei

Contraction of 'in' and 'i'; in the (masculine plural)

momenti

Plural of 'momento'; moments, instants, times

burrascosi

Plural of 'burrascoso'; stormy, turbulent, tempestuous