History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire — Volume 1 — Page 12
He has undergone the triple scrutiny of theological zeal quickened by just resentment, of literary emulation, and of that mean and invidious vanity which delights in detecting errors in writers of established fame.
Ha sido sometido al triple escrutinio del celo teológico avivado por el justo resentimiento, de la emulación literaria, y de esa mezquina y maliciosa vanidad que se deleita en detectar errores en escritores de fama consolidada.
On the result of the trial, we may be permitted to summon competent witnesses before we deliver our own judgment.
Sobre el resultado del juicio, se nos puede permitir convocar a testigos competentes antes de emitir nuestro propio veredicto.
M. Guizot, in his preface, after stating that in France and Germany, as well as in England, in the most enlightened countries of Europe, Gibbon is constantly cited as an authority, thus proceeds:—
El señor Guizot, en su prefacio, tras afirmar que en Francia y Alemania, así como en Inglaterra, en los países más ilustrados de Europa, Gibbon es citado constantemente como autoridad, continúa así:—
"I have had occasion, during my labors, to consult the writings of philosophers, who have treated on the finances of the Roman empire; of scholars, who have investigated the chronology; of theologians, who have searched the depths of ecclesiastical history; of writers on law, who have studied with care the Roman jurisprudence; of Orientalists, who have occupied themselves with the Arabians and the Koran; of modern historians, who have entered upon extensive researches touching the crusades and their influence; each of these writers has remarked and pointed out, in the 'History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire,' some negligences, some false or imperfect views, some omissions, which it is impossible not to suppose voluntary; they have rectified some facts, combated with advantage some assertions; but in general they have taken the researches and the ideas of Gibbon, as points of departure, or as proofs of the researches or of the new opinions which they have advanced."
"He tenido ocasión, durante mis trabajos, de consultar los escritos de filósofos que han tratado sobre las finanzas del Imperio Romano; de eruditos que han investigado la cronología; de teólogos que han sondeado las profundidades de la historia eclesiástica; de escritores sobre derecho que han estudiado con cuidado la jurisprudencia romana; de orientalistas que se han ocupado de los árabes y el Corán; de historiadores modernos que han emprendido extensas investigaciones sobre las cruzadas y su influencia; cada uno de estos escritores ha señalado y destacado, en la 'Historia de la decadencia y caída del Imperio Romano', algunas negligencias, algunas opiniones falsas o imperfectas, algunas omisiones que es imposible no suponer voluntarias; han rectificado algunos hechos, combatido con ventaja algunas afirmaciones; pero en general han tomado las investigaciones y las ideas de Gibbon como puntos de partida, o como pruebas de las investigaciones o de las nuevas opiniones que han avanzado."
M.
El señor
Vocabulary
- Ha
- Third person singular present of 'haber'; has
- sido
- Past participle of 'ser'; been
- sometido
- Subjected or submitted to scrutiny or examination
- al
- Contraction of 'a' and 'el'; to the
- triple
- Triple; consisting of three parts or elements
- escrutinio
- Scrutiny; careful and detailed examination or inspection
- del
- Contraction of 'de' and 'el'; of the
- celo
- Zeal; fervent dedication or enthusiasm toward a cause
- teológico
- Theological; relating to the study of religion or God
- avivado
- Stirred up or intensified; made more lively or keen
- por
- By, for, through; common Spanish preposition with multiple uses
- el
- The; masculine singular definite article in Spanish
- justo
- Just or righteous; fair and morally correct
- resentimiento
- Resentment; bitter indignation from unfair treatment
- de
- Of, from; very common Spanish preposition
- la
- The; feminine singular definite article in Spanish
- emulación
- Emulation; effort to match or surpass a rival
- literaria
- Literary; relating to literature or written works
- y
- And; basic coordinating conjunction in Spanish
- esa
- That; feminine singular demonstrative adjective
- mezquina
- Petty or mean-spirited; narrow-minded and ungenerous
- maliciosa
- Malicious; intending harm or showing ill will
- vanidad
- Vanity; excessive pride in oneself or one's achievements
- que
- That, which, who; versatile conjunction or relative pronoun
- se
- Reflexive pronoun used with reflexive or passive constructions
- deleita
- Delights; takes great pleasure in something
- en
- In, on, at; common Spanish preposition of location
- detectar
- To detect; to discover or identify something hidden
- errores
- Errors; mistakes or inaccuracies in something
- escritores
- Writers; people who compose texts or literary works
- fama
- Fame; widespread reputation or renown
- consolidada
- Consolidated; firmly established or made secure over time
- Sobre
- About, on, over; preposition indicating topic or position
- resultado
- Result; outcome or conclusion of a process
- juicio
- Judgment; reasoned opinion or legal verdict
- nos
- Us; first person plural object or reflexive pronoun
- puede
- Can, is able to; third person singular of 'poder'
- permitir
- To allow or permit; to give authorization
- convocar
- To convene or summon; to call people together
- a
- To, at; basic Spanish preposition indicating direction
- testigos
- Witnesses; people who observe or give testimony
- competentes
- Competent; capable and qualified to judge something
- antes
- Before; indicating earlier time or prior action
- emitir
- To emit or issue; to express or deliver formally
- nuestro
- Our; first person plural possessive adjective
- propio
- Own; belonging specifically to oneself
- veredicto
- Verdict; official decision or judgment rendered
- El
- The; masculine singular definite article in Spanish
- señor
- Mr., sir; respectful title for an adult man
- su
- His, her, its, their; third person possessive adjective
- prefacio
- Preface; introductory section at the beginning of a book
- tras
- After, behind; preposition indicating sequence or position
- afirmar
- To affirm or state; to declare something as true
- Francia
- France; country in Western Europe
- Alemania
- Germany; country in Central Europe
- así
- Thus, so, like this; indicating manner or result
- como
- As, like, how; used for comparison or manner
- Inglaterra
- England; country that is part of the United Kingdom
- los
- The; masculine plural definite article in Spanish
- países
- Countries; nations or sovereign states
- más
- More, most; comparative or superlative adverb
- ilustrados
- Enlightened or learned; well-educated and culturally advanced
- Europa
- Europe; continent located in the Northern Hemisphere
- es
- Is; third person singular present tense of 'ser'
- citado
- Cited or quoted; referenced as an authoritative source
- constantemente
- Constantly; in a continuous or persistent manner
- autoridad
- Authority; recognized power or expert knowledge
- continúa
- Continues; goes on or persists without stopping
- He
- I have; first person singular present of 'haber'
- tenido
- Had; past participle of 'tener'
- ocasión
- Occasion or opportunity; a suitable moment for action
- durante
- During; throughout the course of a period of time
- mis
- My; first person plural possessive adjective
- trabajos
- Works or tasks; labors or research efforts undertaken
- consultar
- To consult; to refer to sources for information
- escritos
- Writings; texts or documents produced by authors
- filósofos
- Philosophers; thinkers who study fundamental questions
- han
- Have; third person plural present perfect of 'haber'
- tratado
- Treated or dealt with; also a formal treaty or treatise
- sobre
- About, on; preposition indicating subject or position
- las
- The; feminine plural definite article in Spanish
- finanzas
- Finances; management of money, revenue, and expenditure
- Imperio
- Empire; large political entity ruled by an emperor
- Romano
- Roman; relating to ancient Rome or its civilization
- eruditos
- Scholars or erudite people; very learned individuals
- investigado
- Investigated or researched; studied in depth systematically
- cronología
- Chronology; arrangement of events in time order
- teólogos
- Theologians; scholars specializing in religious doctrine
- sondeado
- Probed or sounded; examined deeply or investigated thoroughly
- profundidades
- Depths; the deepest or most profound aspects of something
- historia
- History or story; record of past events
- eclesiástica
- Ecclesiastical; relating to the Christian Church or clergy
- derecho
- Law or right; the legal system or a legal entitlement
- estudiado
- Studied; examined carefully through academic research
- con
- With; preposition indicating accompaniment or means
- cuidado
- Care or caution; careful attention paid to something
- jurisprudencia
- Jurisprudence; the theory and philosophy of law
- romana
- Roman; feminine form referring to Rome's culture or law
- orientalistas
- Orientalists; scholars specializing in Eastern languages and cultures
- ocupado
- Occupied or busy; engaged with a particular subject
- árabes
- Arabs; relating to Arabic people, language, or culture
- Corán
- Quran; the sacred scripture of Islam
- historiadores
- Historians; scholars who study and write about history
- modernos
- Modern; relating to recent times or contemporary period
- emprendido
- Undertaken; started or embarked upon a task or project
- extensas
- Extensive; wide-ranging or thorough in scope
- investigaciones
- Investigations or research studies; systematic scholarly inquiries
- cruzadas
- Crusades; medieval Christian military campaigns to Holy Land
- influencia
- Influence; the capacity to affect or shape outcomes
- cada
- Each, every; referring to individual items in a group
- uno
- One; the number one or an individual person
- estos
- These; masculine plural demonstrative pronoun or adjective
- ha
- Has; third person singular of auxiliary verb 'haber'
- señalado
- Pointed out or noted; indicated as significant
- destacado
- Highlighted or outstanding; noted as particularly important
- Historia
- History; the study or record of past events
- decadencia
- Decadence or decline; moral or structural deterioration
- caída
- Fall or collapse; the downfall of something or someone
- algunas
- Some; feminine plural indefinite adjective or pronoun
- negligencias
- Negligences; failures to take proper care or attention
- opiniones
- Opinions; personal views or judgments on a topic
- falsas
- False; untrue or incorrect, feminine plural form
- o
- Or; conjunction presenting alternatives
- imperfectas
- Imperfect; incomplete or flawed, feminine plural form
- omisiones
- Omissions; things left out or not included
- imposible
- Impossible; not able to occur or be done
- no
- No, not; negation word in Spanish
- suponer
- To suppose or assume; to consider something as likely
- voluntarias
- Voluntary; done willingly or intentionally, feminine plural
- rectificado
- Rectified or corrected; set right after an error
- algunos
- Some; masculine plural indefinite adjective or pronoun
- hechos
- Facts or deeds; established truths or actions taken
- combatido
- Combated or challenged; fought against or disputed
- ventaja
- Advantage; a favorable condition or superior position
- afirmaciones
- Assertions or claims; statements declared to be true
- pero
- But; conjunction indicating contrast or exception
- general
- General; overall or common, not specific
- tomado
- Taken; past participle of 'tomar'
- ideas
- Ideas; thoughts, concepts, or mental representations
- puntos
- Points; specific positions, items, or topics
- partida
- Starting point or departure; point of beginning
- pruebas
- Proofs or evidence; demonstrations supporting a claim
- nuevas
- New; recently discovered or not previously known
- avanzado
- Advanced; moved forward or made progress beyond previous state
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