History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire — Volume 1 — Page 5

Vocabulary

第

dai — Ordinal prefix meaning 'number' or 'the Nth'.

七

nana / shichi — The number seven.

部

bu — Section, part, or division of a work.

十五

jūgo — The number fifteen.

章

shō — Chapter or section of a book.

キリスト

Kirisuto — Christ; referring to Jesus Christ.

教

kyō — Religion, teaching, or doctrine.

の

no — Possessive or linking particle connecting nouns.

進歩

shinpo — Progress, advancement, or development over time.

八

hachi — The number eight.

九

kyū / ku — The number nine.

序文

jobun — Preface or foreword of a book.

編集

henshū — Editing or compilation of written material.

者

sha — Person; suffix indicating a person with a role.

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, location, or agent.

よる

yoru — To be based on; by means of; due to.

偉大

idai — Great, magnificent, or of outstanding importance.

な

na — Adjectival particle linking na-adjectives to nouns.

著作

chosaku — Literary work, writing, or authored publication.

は

wa — Topic-marking particle highlighting the subject.

歴史

rekishi — History; the study of past events.

を

wo / o — Object-marking particle indicating direct object.

学ぶ

manabu — To learn or study a subject.

とっ

totte (te-form of toru) — For; in terms of (used in expression にとって).

て

te — Conjunctive particle connecting clauses or actions.

不可欠

fukaketsu — Indispensable, essential, absolutely necessary.

もの

mono — Thing; object; something with substance or nature.

で

de — Particle indicating means, location, or state.

ある

aru — To be; to exist (formal copula).

ヨーロッパ

Yōroppa — Europe; the European continent.

文学

bungaku — Literature; the body of written works.

おい

oi (in おいて) — In; at; within (used in expression において).

ローマ

Rōma — Rome; the ancient or modern city of Rome.

帝国

teikoku — Empire; a state ruled by an emperor.

衰亡

suibō — Decline and fall; ruin of a state or civilization.

史

shi — History; chronicle of events over time.

代わる

kawaru — To replace, substitute, or take the place of.

存在

sonzai — Existence; something that exists or is present.

し

shi — Conjunctive form of する; and; connecting clauses.

ない

nai — Negative auxiliary; does not exist or is not.

この

kono — This; referring to something nearby or just mentioned.

書

sho — Book, written work, or literary text.

それ

sore — That; referring to something previously mentioned.

が

ga — Subject-marking particle identifying the subject.

網羅

mōra — To cover comprehensively; encompass all aspects.

する

suru — To do; general-purpose action verb.

広大

kōdai — Vast, expansive, or enormous in scale.

時代

jidai — Era, period, or age in history.

正当

seitō — Legitimate, justified, or rightful claim.

占有

sen'yū — Occupation, possession, or exclusive holding.

と

to — Particle meaning 'and', 'with', or quotation marker.

誰

dare — Who; anyone; referring to a person.

も

mo — Also, too, or emphatic particle meaning 'even'.

認める

mitomeru — To acknowledge, recognize, or admit something.

形

katachi / kei — Form, shape, or manner of something.

き

ki (from くる) — Come; past conjunctive form indicating continuation.

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary verb marker.

扱う

atsukau — To handle, deal with, or treat a subject.

いく

iku — To go; or prefix meaning 'several' (幾).

つ

tsu — Counter or component of いくつか meaning 'some'.

か

ka — Question particle or 'some' in combination.

主題

shudai — Main theme, subject, or topic of discussion.

つい

tsui (in ついて) — Concerning, about, regarding a topic.

より

yori — Than; from; comparative or source particle.

完全

kanzen — Complete, perfect, or thorough in every way.

研究

kenkyū — Research, study, or academic investigation.

なさ

nasa — Degree of absence; lack of a quality.

れ

re — Passive or potential auxiliary verb form.

いる

iru — To exist (animate); to be (progressive state).

しれ

shire (from しれない) — May be; might; used in かもしれない.

当該

tōgai — Relevant, applicable, or the said subject.

全体

zentai — The whole, entirety, or overall picture.

概観

gaikan — General survey, overview, or broad outline.

いう

iu — To say; to be called; to mean.

点

ten — Point, aspect, or particular matter.

従う

shitagau — To follow, obey, or conform to something.

唯一

yuiitsu — The only one; unique; sole example.

議論

giron — Argument, debate, or discussion of ideas.

余地

yochi — Room, margin, or space for doubt.

なき

naki — Without; lacking (literary negative attributive form).

権威

ken'i — Authority, expertise, or recognized credibility.

あり

ari — There is; exists (formal or literary form).

原典

genten — Original source text or primary reference work.

著者

chosha — Author; person who wrote a book.

や

ya — And; listing particle connecting multiple items.

現代

gendai — Modern times; the contemporary era.

的

teki — Suffix meaning '-like', '-al', or '-ish'.

編纂

hensan — Compilation or systematic editing of texts.

訴える

uttaeru — To appeal to; to call upon; to sue.

ほとんど

hotondo — Almost, nearly, or for the most part.

い

i — Verbal stem or adjective ending (e.g. いる, ない).

そのもの

sono mono — Itself; the very thing itself.

持つ

motsu — To hold, have, or possess something.

本質

honshitsu — Essence, true nature, or fundamental quality.

興味深

kyōmibuka (i) — Deeply interesting, fascinating, or intriguing.

さ

sa — Nominalizing suffix turning adjectives into nouns.

注が

tsuga (from 注ぐ) — To pour; to devote attention or effort.

尽きる

tsukiru — To be exhausted; to run out; to end.

こと

koto — Thing, fact, or nominalizing element.

労力

rōryoku — Labor, effort, or energy expended on work.

膨大

bōdai — Enormous, vast, or immense in quantity.

事柄

kotogara — Matter, affair, or subject of consideration.

凝縮

gyōshuku — Condensation; concentration of content into brevity.

明快

meikai — Clear, lucid, and easy to understand.

構成

kōsei — Composition, structure, or organization of a work.

全般

zenpan — Overall, general, or across the board.

正確

seikaku — Accurate, precise, or exactly correct.

そし

soshi (from そして) — And; furthermore; then (connective).

文体

buntai — Writing style or literary manner of expression.

その

sono — That; the (demonstrative modifier for nouns).

均一

kin'itsu — Uniform, even, or consistent throughout.

荘重

sōchō — Solemn, stately, and dignified in tone.

ゆえ

yue — Because of; therefore; for that reason.

単調

tanchō — Monotonous, repetitive, or lacking variety.

感じ

kanji — Feeling, sense, or impression of something.

られる

rareru — Passive or potential auxiliary: to be felt/done.

凝っ

kotte (from 凝る) — Elaborate, intricate, or overly refined style.

技巧

gikō — Technical skill, artistry, or stylistic technique.

時

toki — Time, moment, or occasion when something occurs.

煩わしく

wazurawashiku — Troublesome, irritating, or tediously cumbersome.

なる

naru — To become; to turn into a state.

通じ

tsūji (from 通じる) — Throughout; by means of; to communicate through.

力強く

chikarazuyoku — Powerfully, vigorously, or with great force.

生き生き

ikiiki — Vividly, lively, full of energy and life.

おり

ori (from おる) — To be; humble or literary continuous form.

しばしば

shibashiba — Often, frequently, or repeatedly.

絵画

kaiga — Painting, picture, or pictorial artwork.

常

tsune / jō — Always, constantly, or at all times.

注意

chūi — Attention, caution, or notice given to something.

引き

hiki (from 引く) — To draw, pull, or attract attention.

つけ

tsuke (from つける) — To attach; to direct; to fix upon.

強調

kyōchō — Emphasis, stress, or highlighting of a point.

エネルギー

enerugī — Energy; vitality; force or power.

もっ

motte (from もって) — With; by means of; having (te-form).

意味

imi — Meaning, sense, or significance of something.

伝え

tsutae (from 伝える) — To convey, transmit, or communicate a message.

比類

hirui — Parallel, equal, or comparable counterpart.

広

hiro (from 広い) — Wide, broad, or extensive in scope.

忠実

chūjitsu — Faithful, loyal, or accurate representation.

描写

byōsha — Description, depiction, or portrayal in writing.

無類

murui — Unparalleled, matchless, or without equal.

表現

hyōgen — Expression, representation, or articulation of ideas.

巧み

takumi — Skill, cleverness, or adeptness in execution.

一般

ippan — General, common, or broadly applicable.

化

ka — Suffix meaning '-ization' or 'becoming'.

これ

kore — This; referring to something close or just stated.

ら

ra — Plural suffix indicating a group or collection.

すべて

subete — All, everything, or the whole of something.

優れ

sugure (from 優れる) — To be excellent, superior, or outstanding.

資質

shishitsu — Innate quality, talent, or natural disposition.

おける

okeru — In, at, or within (literary locative expression).

本書

honsho — This book; the present volume being discussed.

永続

eizoku — Permanence, lasting continuity, or enduring status.

地位

chii — Status, position, or standing in society.

確固

kakko — Firm, steadfast, or solidly established.

たる

taru — Literary copula meaning 'being'; as (adjective suffix).

今後

kongo — From now on; hereafter; in the future.

そう

sō — So, like that, or it seems (modal expression).

続ける

tsuzukeru — To continue, keep doing, or persist in action.

よう

yō — Appears to; seems like; in order to (modal).

思わ

omowa (from 思う) — To think, feel, or believe something.

れる

reru — Passive auxiliary verb: to be done or felt.