Joseph II. and His Court: An Historical Novel — Page 1

Vocabulary

e

Conjunction meaning 'and' connecting words or phrases

la

Definite article 'the' used with feminine singular nouns

Sua

Possessive adjective meaning 'his,' 'her,' or 'its'

Corte

Noun meaning 'court,' referring to a royal or legal court

di

Preposition meaning 'of' or 'from' indicating possession

nella

Contraction of 'in' plus 'la,' meaning 'in the' feminine

nostra

Possessive adjective meaning 'our' with feminine nouns

serie

Noun meaning 'series,' a sequence of related items

Le

Plural definite article 'the' used with feminine nouns

leggi

Noun meaning 'laws,' plural of legge; rules or regulations

sul

Contraction of 'su' and 'il,' meaning 'on the' masculine

diritto

Noun meaning 'right' or 'law,' a legal entitlement

d'

Elided form of preposition 'di,' meaning 'of' before vowels

autore

Noun meaning 'author,' the creator of a written work

stanno

Third person plural of 'stare,' meaning 'they are' or 'they stand'

cambiando

Gerund of 'cambiare,' meaning 'changing' or 'in the process of changing'

in

Preposition meaning 'in' or 'into,' indicating location

tutto

Adjective meaning 'all' or 'every,' indicating totality

il

Definite article 'the' used with masculine singular nouns

mondo

Noun meaning 'world,' referring to the Earth or a domain

assicuratevi

Imperative verb meaning 'make sure' or 'ensure' yourselves

verificare

Infinitive verb meaning 'to verify' or 'to check'

le

Plural definite article 'the' for feminine plural nouns

del

Contraction of 'di' and 'il,' meaning 'of the' masculine

vostro

Possessive adjective meaning 'your' plural, masculine form

paese

Noun meaning 'country' or 'village,' a place of residence

prima

Adverb or adjective meaning 'before' or 'first' in order

ridistribuire

Infinitive verb meaning 'to redistribute' or 'to share again'

questi

Demonstrative pronoun meaning 'these,' masculine plural form

Si

Reflexive pronoun meaning 'oneself' or used in impersonal constructions

prega

Verb meaning 'please' or 'one prays,' used in polite requests

leggere

Infinitive verb meaning 'to read' written text or documents

informazioni

Noun meaning 'information,' plural of informazione

importanti

Adjective meaning 'important,' describing significant matters

contenute

Past participle of 'contenere,' meaning 'contained' or 'included'

questa

Demonstrative adjective meaning 'this,' feminine singular form

intestazione

Noun meaning 'header' or 'heading' at the top of a document

Vi

Pronoun meaning 'you' plural or reflexive, formal or literary usage

incoraggiamo

First person plural verb meaning 'we encourage' someone to act

a

Preposition meaning 'to' or 'at,' indicating direction or location

conservare

Infinitive verb meaning 'to preserve' or 'to keep' something

questo

Demonstrative adjective meaning 'this,' masculine singular form

disco

Noun meaning 'disk' or 'disc,' a storage or music medium

mantenendo

Gerund of 'mantenere,' meaning 'maintaining' or 'keeping open'

aperto

Adjective meaning 'open,' not closed or restricted

un

Indefinite article meaning 'a' or 'an,' masculine singular

percorso

Noun meaning 'path,' 'route,' or 'access,' a way through

elettronico

Adjective meaning 'electronic,' relating to digital technology

per

Preposition meaning 'for' or 'through,' indicating purpose

i

Plural definite article 'the' used with masculine plural nouns

prossimi

Adjective meaning 'next' or 'upcoming,' future in sequence

lettori

Noun meaning 'readers,' plural of lettore, those who read

non

Adverb meaning 'not,' used to negate verbs or adjectives

rimuovere

Infinitive verb meaning 'to remove' or 'to take away'

Questo

Demonstrative pronoun meaning 'this,' referring to something nearby

dovrebbe

Conditional verb meaning 'should' or 'ought to,' expressing obligation

essere

Infinitive verb meaning 'to be,' the fundamental state of existence

cosa

Noun meaning 'thing' or 'what,' a general reference to objects

che

Conjunction or pronoun meaning 'that,' 'which,' or 'who'

si

Reflexive pronoun meaning 'oneself' used in reflexive constructions

vede

Third person singular of 'vedere,' meaning 'one sees' or 'it is seen'

quando

Conjunction or adverb meaning 'when,' indicating time or condition

qualcuno

Pronoun meaning 'someone' or 'somebody,' an unspecified person

apre

Third person singular of 'aprire,' meaning 'opens' something

libro

Noun meaning 'book,' a written or printed bound publication

Non

Adverb meaning 'not,' negating the following verb or clause

modificarlo

Verb with pronoun meaning 'to modify it' or 'to change it'

né

Conjunction meaning 'nor,' connecting two negative alternatives

alterarlo

Verb with pronoun meaning 'to alter it' or 'to change it'

senza

Preposition meaning 'without,' indicating absence of something

autorizzazione

Noun meaning 'authorization' or 'permission,' formal approval

scritta

Adjective meaning 'written,' in written form or documented

parole

Noun meaning 'words,' plural of parola, units of language

sono

Third person plural of 'essere,' meaning 'they are' or 'are'

scelte

Past participle of 'scegliere,' meaning 'chosen' or 'selected'

con

Preposition meaning 'with,' indicating accompaniment or means

cura

Noun meaning 'care' or 'attention,' diligence in doing something

fornire

Infinitive verb meaning 'to provide' or 'to supply' something

agli

Contraction of 'a' and 'gli,' meaning 'to the' masculine plural

utenti

Noun meaning 'users,' plural of utente, people using a service

cui

Relative pronoun meaning 'whom,' 'whose,' or 'which' in clauses

hanno

Third person plural of 'avere,' meaning 'they have'

bisogno

Noun meaning 'need,' something required or necessary

su

Preposition meaning 'on,' 'about,' or 'over' a topic or surface

ciò

Pronoun meaning 'that' or 'what,' referring to something previously mentioned

possono

Third person plural of 'potere,' meaning 'they can' or 'they are able'

legalmente

Adverb meaning 'legally,' in accordance with the law

fare

Infinitive verb meaning 'to do' or 'to make,' a general action verb

testi

Noun meaning 'texts,' plural of testo, written works or documents

Benvenuti

Plural adjective meaning 'welcome,' greeting multiple people

nel

Contraction of 'in' and 'il,' meaning 'in the' masculine singular

Mondo

Noun meaning 'world,' the Earth or a particular domain

dei

Contraction of 'di' and 'i,' meaning 'of the' masculine plural

Testi

Noun meaning 'texts,' plural written or digital documents

Elettronici

Adjective meaning 'electronic,' relating to digital formats

Gratuiti

Adjective meaning 'free' or 'at no cost,' available without charge

Leggibili

Adjective meaning 'readable' or 'legible,' easy to read

sia

Subjunctive of 'essere,' used in 'sia...che' meaning 'both...and'

dagli

Contraction of 'da' and 'gli,' meaning 'by the' masculine plural

Esseri

Noun meaning 'beings,' plural of essere, living creatures

Umani

Adjective or noun meaning 'human,' relating to people

dai

Contraction of 'da' and 'i,' meaning 'by the' masculine plural

dal

Contraction of 'da' and 'il,' meaning 'from the' masculine singular

Questi

Demonstrative pronoun meaning 'these,' masculine plural form

Sono

Third person plural of 'essere,' meaning 'they are'

Preparati

Past participle meaning 'prepared' or 'made ready' by someone

da

Preposition meaning 'by' or 'from,' indicating agent or origin

Migliaia

Noun meaning 'thousands,' referring to a large number of people

Volontari

Noun meaning 'volunteers,' people who work without payment

come

Adverb or conjunction meaning 'how' or 'as,' indicating manner

contattare

Infinitive verb meaning 'to contact' or 'to get in touch'

ottenere

Infinitive verb meaning 'to obtain' or 'to get' something

gli

Plural definite article 'the' for masculine nouns beginning with vowels

ulteriori

Adjective meaning 'further' or 'additional,' beyond what exists

incluse

Past participle meaning 'included,' referring to items added within

seguito

Noun or past participle meaning 'following' or 'what follows'

comprese

Past participle meaning 'comprising' or 'including' certain elements

quelle

Demonstrative pronoun meaning 'those,' feminine plural form

donazioni

Noun meaning 'donations,' plural of donazione, charitable contributions

La

Definite article 'the' used with feminine singular nouns

è

Third person singular of 'essere,' meaning 'is,' indicating state

un'

Elided feminine indefinite article meaning 'a' or 'an' before vowels

organizzazione

Noun meaning 'organization,' a structured group with a purpose

Numero

Noun meaning 'number,' a numerical value or identifier

Identificazione

Noun meaning 'identification,' the process of identifying someone

Dipendente

Noun or adjective meaning 'employee' or 'dependent' on something

Titolo

Noun meaning 'title,' the name given to a book or work

Autore

Noun meaning 'author,' the person who created a written work

Data

Noun meaning 'date,' a specific point in time or calendar day

pubblicazione

Noun meaning 'publication,' the act or date of publishing

Febbraio

Noun meaning 'February,' the second month of the year

Sì

Adverb meaning 'yes,' an affirmative response to a question

siamo

First person plural of 'essere,' meaning 'we are'

circa

Adverb meaning 'about' or 'approximately,' indicating an estimate

anno

Noun meaning 'year,' a period of twelve months

avanti

Adverb meaning 'ahead' or 'forward,' indicating advancement in time

rispetto

Noun meaning 'respect' or preposition meaning 'compared to'

al

Contraction of 'a' and 'il,' meaning 'to the' masculine singular

programma

Noun meaning 'program' or 'schedule,' a planned sequence of events

data

Noun meaning 'date,' a specific calendar day or time reference

effettiva

Adjective meaning 'actual' or 'effective,' the real or true one

stato

Past participle of 'essere' meaning 'been,' or noun meaning 'state'

pubblicato

Past participle of 'pubblicare,' meaning 'published' or 'released'

volta

Noun meaning 'time' or 'occasion,' a single instance of something

Edizione

Noun meaning 'edition,' a version of a published work

Lingua

Noun meaning 'language' or 'tongue,' a system of communication

Inglese

Adjective or noun meaning 'English,' relating to England or its language

chiamarsi

Reflexive infinitive meaning 'to be called' or 'to name oneself'

o

Conjunction meaning 'or,' presenting an alternative option