Meditations — Page 11
In Logic, the Stoic system is noteworthy for their theory as to the test of truth, the _Criterion_.
En Lógica, el sistema estoico es notable por su teoría sobre la prueba de la verdad, el _Criterio_.
They compared the new-born soul to a sheet of paper ready for writing.
Comparaban el alma recién nacida con una hoja de papel lista para escribir.
Upon this the senses write their impressions (φαντασίαι), and by experience of a number of these the soul unconsciously conceives general notions (κοιναὶ ἔννοιαι) or anticipations (προλήψεις).
Sobre esta los sentidos escriben sus impresiones (φαντασίαι), y mediante la experiencia de varias de ellas el alma concibe inconscientemente nociones generales (κοιναὶ ἔννοιαι) o anticipaciones (προλήψεις).
When the impression was such as to be irresistible it was called (καταληπτικὴ φαντασία) one that holds fast, or as they explained it, one proceeding from truth.
Cuando la impresión era de tal naturaleza que resultaba irresistible, se la denominaba (καταληπτικὴ φαντασία) aquella que se afirma firmemente, o según su propia explicación, aquella que procede de la verdad.
Ideas and inferences artificially produced by deduction or the like were tested by this 'holding perception.'
Las ideas e inferencias producidas artificialmente mediante la deducción o procedimientos similares eran sometidas a prueba por esta 'percepción que se afirma'.
Of the Ethical application I have already spoken.
De la aplicación ética ya he hablado anteriormente.
The highest good was the virtuous life.
El bien supremo era la vida virtuosa.
Virtue alone is happiness, and vice is unhappiness.
Solo la virtud es felicidad, y el vicio es infelicidad.
Carrying this theory to its extreme, the Stoic said that there could be no gradations between virtue and vice, though of course each has its special manifestations.
Llevando esta teoría a su extremo, el estoico afirmaba que no podía haber gradaciones entre la virtud y el vicio, aunque por supuesto cada uno tiene sus manifestaciones particulares.
Moreover, nothing is good but virtue, and nothing but vice is bad.
Además, nada es bueno salvo la virtud, y nada es malo salvo el vicio.
Those outside things which are commonly called good or bad, such as health and sickness, wealth and poverty, pleasure and pain, are to him indifferent (ἀδιάφορα).
Aquellas cosas externas que comúnmente se llaman buenas o malas, como la salud y la enfermedad, la riqueza y la pobreza, el placer y el dolor, le son indiferentes (ἀδιάφορα).
All these things are merely the sphere in which virtue may act.
Todas estas cosas son simplemente el ámbito en el que la virtud puede actuar.
The ideal Wise Man is sufficient unto himself in all things (αὐταρκής); and knowing these truths, he will be happy even when stretched upon the rack.
El Sabio ideal se basta a sí mismo en todas las cosas (αὐταρκής); y conociendo estas verdades, será feliz incluso cuando esté tendido sobre el potro de tortura.
Vocabulary
- Lógica
- The study of reasoning and valid inference
- sistema
- An organized set of principles or components
- estoico
- Relating to Stoicism; enduring hardship without complaint
- notable
- Worthy of attention; remarkable or distinguished
- teoría
- A systematic explanation or framework of ideas
- prueba
- A test or piece of evidence supporting a claim
- verdad
- The quality of being true; a verified fact
- Comparaban
- They used to compare two or more things
- alma
- The spiritual or immaterial part of a person
- recién
- Adverb meaning 'recently' or 'newly'
- nacida
- Feminine past participle of 'nacer'; newly born
- hoja
- A leaf of a plant or a sheet of paper
- papel
- Material used for writing; also means 'role'
- lista
- Ready or prepared; also a list of items
- escribir
- To write letters, words, or text
- sentidos
- The five senses; also meanings of a word
- impresiones
- Sensory impressions or mental images received
- mediante
- Preposition meaning 'by means of' or 'through'
- experiencia
- Knowledge or skill gained through practice
- varias
- Adjective meaning 'several' or 'various' (feminine)
- concibe
- To form or develop a concept in the mind
- inconscientemente
- In an unconscious or unaware manner
- nociones
- Basic concepts or general ideas about something
- generales
- Adjective meaning 'general' or 'broad' (plural)
- anticipaciones
- Expectations or preconceptions formed in advance
- impresión
- A sensory or mental image made on the mind
- tal
- Adjective or pronoun meaning 'such' or 'so'
- naturaleza
- The natural world; also the innate character of something
- resultaba
- Past imperfect; 'it turned out' or 'it resulted'
- irresistible
- Too powerful or compelling to be resisted
- denominaba
- Past imperfect; 'it was called' or 'named'
- aquella
- Demonstrative pronoun meaning 'that one' (feminine)
- afirma
- To assert or confirm something as true
- firmemente
- In a firm, resolute, or steady manner
- según
- Preposition meaning 'according to' or 'depending on'
- propia
- Adjective meaning 'own' or 'proper' (feminine)
- explicación
- A statement that makes something clear or understandable
- procede
- To come from; to proceed or originate from something
- ideas
- Thoughts, concepts, or mental representations
- inferencias
- Conclusions reached through logical reasoning
- producidas
- Feminine plural past participle; 'produced' or 'generated'
- artificialmente
- In an artificial or deliberate, non-natural manner
- deducción
- The process of reaching conclusions through logical reasoning
- procedimientos
- Methods or procedures followed to accomplish something
- similares
- Adjective meaning 'similar' or 'alike' (plural)
- sometidas
- Subjected or submitted to a process or authority
- percepción
- The ability to sense and interpret the environment
- aplicación
- The practical use or implementation of something
- ética
- The branch of philosophy dealing with moral principles
- hablado
- Past participle of 'hablar'; 'spoken' or 'talked'
- anteriormente
- Adverb meaning 'previously' or 'before now'
- bien
- Goodness or moral virtue; also means 'well'
- supremo
- Adjective meaning 'supreme' or 'highest in rank'
- vida
- The existence of a living being; life
- virtuosa
- Having or showing high moral standards (feminine)
- Solo
- Adverb or adjective meaning 'only' or 'alone'
- virtud
- Moral excellence or a good quality of character
- felicidad
- The state of being happy or content
- vicio
- Immoral behavior or a bad habit or fault
- infelicidad
- The state of being unhappy or miserable
- Llevando
- Gerund of 'llevar'; 'carrying' or 'taking' to extremes
- extremo
- A point at the furthest end; an extreme degree
- afirmaba
- Past imperfect; 'he/she was asserting or claiming'
- haber
- Auxiliary verb meaning 'to have' in compound tenses
- gradaciones
- Gradual steps or degrees between two extremes
- entre
- Preposition meaning 'between' or 'among'
- aunque
- Conjunction meaning 'although,' 'even though,' or 'even if'
- supuesto
- Assumed or supposed; also a premise taken for granted
- cada
- Adjective meaning 'each' or 'every'
- manifestaciones
- Outward expressions or signs of something internal
- particulares
- Adjective meaning 'particular,' 'specific,' or 'individual'
- Además
- Adverb meaning 'furthermore,' 'besides,' or 'in addition'
- nada
- Pronoun or adverb meaning 'nothing' or 'not at all'
- bueno
- Adjective meaning 'good' in quality or character
- salvo
- Preposition meaning 'except' or 'save for'
- malo
- Adjective meaning 'bad' in quality or character
- Aquellas
- Demonstrative pronoun meaning 'those' (feminine plural)
- cosas
- Objects, matters, or things in general
- externas
- Adjective meaning 'external' or 'outside' (feminine plural)
- comúnmente
- Adverb meaning 'commonly' or 'usually'
- llaman
- Third person plural present; 'they call' something
- salud
- The general condition of the body; health
- enfermedad
- An illness or disease affecting the body or mind
- riqueza
- An abundance of valuable possessions or money; wealth
- pobreza
- The state of being extremely poor; poverty
- placer
- A feeling of enjoyment, satisfaction, or happiness
- dolor
- Physical or emotional suffering; pain
- indiferentes
- Having no particular preference or concern; indifferent
- Todas
- Adjective or pronoun meaning 'all' (feminine plural)
- simplemente
- Adverb meaning 'simply' or 'merely'
- ámbito
- A sphere, scope, or field of action or influence
- actuar
- To act, perform, or take action in a situation
- Sabio
- A wise person; someone with great knowledge and judgment
- ideal
- A perfect standard or model to aspire toward
- basta
- Third person singular; 'it is enough' or 'suffices'
- sí
- Reflexive pronoun meaning 'himself,' 'herself,' or 'oneself'
- mismo
- Adjective meaning 'same' or 'himself/itself'
- conociendo
- Gerund of 'conocer'; 'knowing' people or facts
- verdades
- Plural of 'verdad'; truths or verified facts
- feliz
- Adjective meaning 'happy' or 'content'
- incluso
- Adverb meaning 'even' or 'including'
- tendido
- Past participle of 'tender'; lying stretched out flat
- potro
- A rack used as an instrument of torture; also a colt
- tortura
- The infliction of severe pain as punishment or coercion
Unlock audio playback, vocabulary games, and reading progress tracking.
Create free account →