Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave — Page 8

Vocabulary

これ

kore — This; referring to something near the speaker.

が

ga — Subject marker particle in Japanese grammar.

精神

seishin — Spirit, mind, or mental state of a person.

的

teki — Suffix meaning '-ic' or '-al', forming adjectives.

退廃

taihai — Decadence, moral decay, or degeneracy.

の

no — Possessive or linking particle between nouns.

異常

ijō — Abnormal, unusual, or extraordinary condition.

な

na — Adjectival particle linking na-adjectives to nouns.

事例

jirei — A case, example, or instance of something.

で

de — Particle indicating location, means, or cause.

あっ

a(tte) — Conjunctive form of 'aru'; being or existing.

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary verb ending in Japanese.

と

to — Quotation particle or conjunction meaning 'and/that'.

認める

mitomeru — To admit, acknowledge, or recognize something.

し

shi — Conjunctive verb form; also listing conjunction 'and'.

て

te — Te-form particle connecting verbs sequentially.

も

mo — Particle meaning 'also', 'even', or 'too'.

それ

sore — That; referring to something near the listener.

は

wa — Topic marker particle highlighting the subject.

少なく

sukunaku — Few, little; adverbial form of 'sukunai'.

白人

hakujin — White person; a Caucasian individual.

奴隷

dorei — Slave; a person owned and controlled by another.

黒人

kokujin — Black person; a person of African descent.

同じ

onaji — Same; identical or equal to something else.

くらい

kurai — About, approximately; to the extent of something.

低い

hikui — Low, short; describing something at a low level.

人間

ningen — Human being; a person or humankind in general.

性

sei — Nature, character, or inherent quality of something.

段階

dankai — Stage, level, or step in a process.

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, location, or target.

まで

made — Until, up to, as far as a point.

堕落

daraku — Moral corruption, depravity, or falling into vice.

得る

eru — To get, obtain; also potential suffix 'can do'.

こと

koto — Thing, fact; nominalizer turning verbs into nouns.

を

wo — Object marker particle in Japanese sentences.

証明

shōmei — Proof, demonstration, or verification of a fact.

いる

iru — To exist (animate); progressive auxiliary verb.

氏

shi — Mr./Ms.; honorific suffix for a person's name.

他

hoka — Other, another; something or someone different.

誰か

dareka — Someone, anybody; an unspecified person.

雇う

yatou — To hire, employ, or engage someone for work.

なく

naku — Without; negative adverbial form of 'nai'.

自分

jibun — Oneself; reflexive pronoun referring to the self.

自身

jishin — Oneself, personally; emphasizing one's own self.

文体

buntai — Writing style or literary style of an author.

自ら

mizukara — By oneself, personally, on one's own initiative.

能力

nōryoku — Ability, capability, or skill of a person.

限り

kagiri — Limit, as far as, to the extent possible.

尽くし

tsukushi — Exhausting all efforts; doing one's utmost.

物語

monogatari — Story, tale, or narrative account of events.

書く

kaku — To write; composing text or characters.

まこと

makoto — Truly, sincerely; truth or genuineness.

適切

tekisetsu — Appropriate, suitable, or fitting for a purpose.

選ん

eran(de) — Chose; conjunctive form of 'erabu' (to choose).

だ

da — Casual copula meaning 'is' or 'are'.

ゆえ

yue — Therefore, because, for that reason.

完全

kanzen — Complete, perfect, or thorough without deficiency.

彼

kare — He, him; third-person masculine pronoun.

作品

sakuhin — Work, piece; a creative or artistic production.

ある

aru — To exist, be; existential verb for inanimate things.

そし

soshi(te) — And then, moreover; conjunctive linking expression.

歩ま

ayuma — To walk, proceed along (stem form of 'ayumu').

なけれ

nakere(ba) — Must; conditional negative form in obligation patterns.

ば

ba — Conditional particle meaning 'if' or 'when'.

なら

nara — If it is; conditional copula or particle.

なかっ

naka(tta) — Was not; negative past auxiliary verb form.

道

michi — Road, path, or way; also a course of life.

いかに

ikani — How, in what way; an emphatic interrogative adverb.

長く

nagaku — Long; adverbial form of 'nagai' (long).

暗い

kurai — Dark, gloomy, or dim in light or mood.

もの

mono — Thing, object; nominalizer expressing expectation.

か

ka — Question particle or expressive sentence-ending particle.

鉄

tetsu — Iron; the metal, often symbolizing hardness.

足枷

ashikase — Leg shackles, ankle irons; restraints on feet.

断ち切っ

tachikitte — Cut off, severed; breaking free from bonds.

以来

irai — Since, ever since a particular past point.

向上

kōjō — Improvement, advancement, or elevation of oneself.

さ

sa — Suffix nominalizing adjectives; or filler particle.

せる

seru — Causative auxiliary verb meaning 'to make/let do'.

機会

kikai — Opportunity, chance, or favorable occasion.

少なかっ

sukunaka(tta) — Were few; past form of 'sukunai' (few/little).

考える

kangaeru — To think, consider, or reflect on something.

私

watashi — I, me; first-person singular pronoun.

判断

handan — Judgment, decision, or assessment of a situation.

知性

chisei — Intelligence, intellect, or mental faculty.

心情

shinjō — Feelings, sentiments, or emotional state of mind.

対し

taishi — Toward, with respect to, regarding something.

非常

hijō — Extraordinary, very; extreme degree of something.

名誉

meiyo — Honor, glory, or distinguished reputation.

涙ぐん

namidagunde — Tearful; eyes welling up with tears.

目

me — Eye; the organ of sight or visual perception.

高鳴る

takanaru — To throb, pound excitedly; heart beating rapidly.

胸

mune — Chest, breast; seat of emotions and feelings.

苦しむ

kurushimu — To suffer, agonize, or be in pain.

心

kokoro — Heart, mind, spirit; center of emotions.

制度

seido — System, institution, or established social structure.

その

sono — That (near listener); demonstrative prenoun adjective.

すべて

subete — All, everything, every single thing or person.

共謀

kyōbō — Conspiracy, collusion, or plotting together secretly.

者

mono / sha — Person, one who; suffix or standalone noun.

へ

e — Directional particle meaning 'toward' or 'to'.

言葉

kotoba — Word, language, or expression in speech.

ない

nai — Not exist; negative adjective or verb ending.

嫌悪

ken'o — Disgust, hatred, or strong aversion toward something.

満たさ

mitasa(reru) — To be filled, satisfied; passive of 'mites'.

れる

reru — Passive or potential auxiliary verb suffix.

あの

ano — That (over there); demonstrative prenoun for distant things.

忌まわしい

imawashii — Abominable, detestable, or deeply repugnant.

即時

sokuji — Immediate, instant; without any delay whatsoever.

打倒

datō — Overthrow, defeat, or bringing something down forcefully.

求める

motomeru — To seek, demand, or ask for something.

決意

ketsui — Determination, resolution, or firm intention.

鼓舞

kobu — Inspire, encourage, or stir someone to action.

常

tsune — Always, constantly; the usual or ordinary state.

虐げ

shiitage(ru) — Oppress, tyrannize; treat someone cruelly and unjustly.

られ

rare — Passive auxiliary verb suffix indicating receiving action.

側

gawa / soba — Side; a position or faction in a situation.

立ち

tachi — Standing; stem of 'tatsu', to stand up.

救え

sukue — Save, rescue; imperative or potential form.

ほど

hodo — To the extent that; degree or approximate amount.

腕

ude — Arm; also skill or ability in a craft.

短く

mijikaku — Short; adverbial form of 'mijikai' (short).

正義

seigi — Justice, righteousness, or moral correctness.

神

kami — God, deity, or divine being.

手

te — Hand; also agency or means of action.

中

naka — Inside, middle, or among a group.

この

kono — This; demonstrative prenoun for nearby things.

国

kuni — Country, nation, or homeland.

運命

unmei — Fate, destiny, or inevitable course of events.

震える

furueru — To tremble, shake, or quiver from emotion or cold.

読み通す

yomitōsu — To read through entirely from beginning to end.

できる

dekiru — To be able to; can do something successfully.

石

ishi — Stone, rock; a hard mineral object.

よう

yō — Like, as if; manner or appearance of something.

持ち

mochi — Holding, having; stem form of 'motsu' (to hold).

人々

hitobito — People, folks; plural of 'hito' (person).

魂

tamashii — Soul, spirit; the essence of a living being.

売買

baibai — Buying and selling; trade or commercial transaction.

人

hito / jin — Person, human being; individual or people.

役

yaku — Role, part, or function someone plays.

演じる

enjiru — To act, perform, or play a role.

ふさわしい

fusawashii — Suitable, fitting, or appropriate for a purpose.

違い

chigai — Difference, distinction, or discrepancy between things.