On the Method of Zadig: Essay #1 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" — Page 13

Vocabulary

Tout

too — All, everything; used as a broad quantifier

ce

suh — This, that; demonstrative pronoun or adjective

que

kuh — That, which, what; conjunction or relative pronoun

l'

l — The; contracted definite article before vowel

on

ohn — One, we, people; indefinite subject pronoun

peut

puh — Can, is able to; third-person singular of pouvoir

dire

deer — To say, to tell; common infinitive verb

c'

s — It is; contracted form of ce before est

est

eh — Is; third-person singular present of être

les

lay — The; plural definite article

prophéties

pro-fay-see — Prophecies; predictions or foretold statements

prospectives

pros-pek-teev — Forward-looking; relating to future predictions or forecasts

de

duh — Of, from; very common preposition

astronome

as-tro-nom — Astronomer; scientist who studies celestial bodies

sont

sohn — Are; third-person plural present of être

toujours

too-zhoor — Always, still; common adverb of frequency

vérifiées

vay-ree-fyay — Verified, confirmed; past participle of vérifier (feminine plural)

et

ay — And; basic coordinating conjunction

dans

dahn — In, within; common preposition of location or context

la

lah — The; feminine singular definite article

mesure

muh-zoor — Measure, extent; degree or proportion of something

où

oo — Where, in which; relative or interrogative adverb

ses

say — His, her, its; third-person possessive adjective (plural)

rétrospectives

ray-tro-spek-teev — Retrospective; looking back at past events or data

le

luh — The; masculine singular definite article

résultat

ray-zool-tah — Result, outcome; consequence of an action or process

suivre

swee-vruh — To follow; infinitive verb meaning to pursue or trace

à

ah — To, at, in; very common preposition

rebours

ruh-boor — Backward, reverse; à rebours means in reverse order

méthode

may-tod — Method; systematic procedure or way of doing something

même

mem — Same, even; used for emphasis or identity

qui

kee — Who, which, that; relative or interrogative pronoun

conduit

kohn-dwee — Leads, conducts; third-person singular of conduire

invariablement

an-vah-ryab-luh-mahn — Invariably, always; without exception or variation

des

day — Some, of the; plural indefinite or partitive article

résultats

ray-zool-tah — Results; plural of résultat, outcomes of processes

vérifiés

vay-ree-fyay — Verified; confirmed as accurate (masculine plural past participle)

lorsqu'

lors-k — When; conjunction used before a vowel sound

applique

ah-pleek — Applies; third-person singular of appliquer

en

ahn — In, on, by; versatile preposition or pronoun

avant

ah-vahn — Before, forward; preposition or adverb of direction/time

il

eel — He, it; third-person masculine singular pronoun

y

ee — There, it; adverbial pronoun replacing a place or idea

a

ah — Has; third-person singular present of avoir

autant

oh-tahn — As much, as many; used in comparisons of quantity

raison

ray-zohn — Reason; logical justification or cause

d'

d — Of, from; contracted preposition before a vowel

accorder

ah-kor-day — To grant, to give; to bestow trust or permission

une

oon — A, an; feminine singular indefinite article

pleine

plen — Full, complete; feminine adjective meaning entire

confiance

kohn-fyahns — Confidence, trust; belief in reliability of something

qu'

k — That, than; contracted conjunction before a vowel

autre

oh-truh — Other, another; referring to a different thing or person

La

lah — The; feminine singular definite article

prophétie

pro-fay-see — Prophecy; a prediction or divinely inspired statement

rétrospective

ray-tro-spek-teev — Retrospective; analysis directed toward past events

donc

dohnk — Therefore, so; conjunction indicating logical consequence

fonction

fohnk-syohn — Function, role; specific purpose or task of something

légitime

lay-zhee-teem — Legitimate, valid; conforming to law or reason

science

syahns — Science; systematic study of the natural world

astronomique

as-tro-no-meek — Astronomical; relating to the science of astronomy

si

see — If, whether; conditional conjunction

elle

el — She, it; third-person feminine singular pronoun

pour

poor — For, in order to; preposition indicating purpose

toutes

toot — All; feminine plural adjective or pronoun

axiome

ak-syom — Axiom; self-evident principle accepted as truth

fondamental

fohn-dah-mahn-tal — Fundamental, basic; essential underlying principle

sur

soor — On, upon; preposition indicating position or topic

lequel

luh-kel — Which, whom; relative pronoun (masculine singular)

repose

ruh-pohz — Rests, is based on; third-person singular of reposer

constance

kohn-stahns — Constancy; steadiness or unchanging nature of something

ordre

or-druh — Order; systematic arrangement or regularity

nature

nah-toor — Nature; the physical world and its phenomena

étant

ay-tahn — Being; present participle of être

fondement

fond-mahn — Foundation, basis; underlying support for an idea

commun

ko-muhn — Common, shared; belonging to all parties

toute

toot — All, every; feminine singular of tout

pensée

pahn-say — Thought, thinking; an idea or intellectual consideration

scientifique

syahn-tee-feek — Scientific; relating to or based on science

En

ahn — In; preposition often used in set expressions

effet

eh-feh — Effect; en effet means indeed or in fact

s'

s — Himself/herself/itself; reflexive pronoun before vowel

exister

eg-zees-tay — To exist; to have real being or presence

degrés

duh-gray — Degrees; levels or gradations of a quality

légitimité

lay-zhee-tee-mee-tay — Legitimacy; quality of being valid or justified

certaines

ser-ten — Certain, some; feminine plural of certain

branches

brahnsh — Branches; divisions or fields of a discipline

ont

ohn — Have; third-person plural present of avoir

avantage

ah-vahn-tazh — Advantage; a favorable condition or benefit

astronomie

as-tro-no-mee — Astronomy; science studying stars and celestial bodies

leurs

lur — Their; plural possessive adjective

ne

nuh — Not; first part of French negation (ne…pas)

pas

pah — Not; second element of standard French negation

seulement

sul-mahn — Only, merely; limiting adverb

susceptibles

soo-sep-teebl — Susceptible, capable; able to be affected or verified

vérification

vay-ree-fee-kah-syohn — Verification; process of confirming accuracy or truth

mais

meh — But; coordinating conjunction expressing contrast

parfois

par-fwah — Sometimes, occasionally; not always but at times

manière

mah-nyair — Manner, way; the mode in which something occurs

frappante

frah-pahnt — Striking, remarkable; notable or impressive (feminine)

Une

oon — A, an; feminine indefinite article

telle

tel — Such, such a; feminine form of tel

existe

eg-zeest — Exists; third-person singular present of exister

cette

set — This, that; feminine singular demonstrative adjective

application

ah-plee-kah-syohn — Application; practical use or implementation of principles

principes

prahn-seep — Principles; fundamental rules or laws guiding a field

biologie

byoh-lo-zhee — Biology; science of living organisms and life

interprétation

an-ter-pray-tah-syohn — Interpretation; explanation or understanding of something

restes

rest — Remains, remnants; what is left of something

animaux

ah-nee-moh — Animals; living creatures other than plants or humans

végétaux

vay-zhay-toh — Plants, vegetation; plural of végétal

enchâssés

ahn-shah-say — Embedded, encased; set firmly within a material

roches

rosh — Rocks; solid mineral masses forming earth's crust

composent

kohm-pohz — Make up, compose; third-person plural of composer

surface

soor-fas — Surface; outer layer or face of something

du

doo — Of the; contracted masculine singular definite article

globe

glob — Globe; the earth or a spherical representation of it

appelle

ah-pel — Calls, names; third-person singular of appeler

Paléontologie

pah-lay-ohn-to-lo-zhee — Paleontology; study of ancient life through fossils

À

ah — At, to; preposition of location or time

époque

ay-pok — Era, epoch; a period of historical time

très

treh — Very; common adverb of degree

lointaine

lwahn-ten — Distant, remote; far away in time or space (feminine)

question

kes-tyohn — Question; an inquiry or matter under consideration

savoir

sah-vwar — To know; infinitive meaning to have knowledge

ces

say — These, those; plural demonstrative adjective

soi-disant

swah-dee-zahn — So-called, self-styled; used to express skepticism

fossiles

fo-seel — Fossils; preserved remains of ancient organisms

étaient

ay-teh — Were; third-person plural imperfect of être

réellement

ray-el-mahn — Really, truly; adverb emphasizing actuality

plantes

plahnt — Plants; living organisms that photosynthesize

était

ay-teh — Was; third-person singular imperfect of être

vivement

veev-mahn — Vigorously, keenly; with great intensity or animation

débattue

day-bah-too — Debated; past participle of débattre (feminine)

De

duh — Of, some; preposition or partitive article

savantes

sah-vahnt — Learned, scholarly; knowledgeable (feminine plural)

personnes

per-son — Persons, people; individuals being referred to

soutenaient

soo-tuh-neh — Maintained, argued; imperfect of soutenir (they held)

ils

eel — They; third-person masculine plural pronoun

n'

n — Not; first element of negation before vowel

rien

ryahn — Nothing; negative indefinite pronoun

tel

tel — Such; adjective meaning of that kind

sorte

sort — Sort, kind, type; a category or variety

ou

oo — Or; coordinating conjunction offering alternatives

cristallisation

krees-tah-lee-zah-syohn — Crystallization; process of forming crystals in matter

produite

pro-dweet — Produced; past participle of produire (feminine singular)

au

oh — At the, to the; contracted masculine article

sein

sahn — Bosom, interior; au sein de means within or inside

pierre

pyair — Stone, rock; solid mineral material

laquelle

lah-kel — Which; feminine relative pronoun

trouve

troov — Finds; third-person singular of trouver

imitait

ee-mee-teh — Imitated, mimicked; imperfect of imiter

formes

form — Forms, shapes; outward appearances of things

vie

vee — Life; the state of living organisms

animale

ah-nee-mal — Animal; relating to animals (feminine adjective)

végétale

vay-zhay-tal — Plant, vegetable; relating to plants (feminine adjective)

tout

too — All, just as; used for comparison or totality

comme

kom — Like, as; conjunction or preposition of comparison

givre

zhee-vruh — Frost, hoarfrost; icy coating formed on cold surfaces

vitre

vee-truh — Windowpane, glass; flat sheet of glass in a window

imite

ee-meet — Imitates, mimics; third-person singular of imiter

végétation

vay-zhay-tah-syohn — Vegetation; plant life covering an area