On the Method of Zadig: Essay #1 from "Science and Hebrew Tradition" — Page 4

Vocabulary

私

watashi — First-person pronoun meaning 'I' or 'me'.

は

wa — Topic-marking particle indicating the sentence topic.

その

sono — Demonstrative adjective meaning 'that' (near listener).

馬

uma — Animal with four legs used for riding; horse.

について

ni tsuite — Particle phrase meaning 'about' or 'concerning'.

何

nani — Interrogative pronoun meaning 'what' or 'anything'.

も

mo — Particle meaning 'also', 'too', or 'even'; 'nothing' with negation.

見

mi — Verb stem of 'miru'; to see or look at.

て

te — Te-form connective particle linking verb phrases.

おらず

orazu — Negative conjunctive form of 'oru'; not being/having.

以前

izen — Before a certain time; previously; formerly.

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, location, time, or indirect object.

聞い

kii — Conjunctive form of 'kiku'; to hear or listen.

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary indicating completed action.

こと

koto — Nominalizer meaning 'thing', 'fact', or 'experience'.

が

ga — Subject-marking particle identifying the grammatical subject.

ありません

arimasen — Polite negative form of 'aru'; there is not.

と

to — Particle meaning 'and', 'with', or quotation marker.

答え

kotae — An answer or reply; response to a question.

大

dai — Prefix or adjective meaning 'great', 'large', or 'grand'.

狩猟

shuryō — The activity of hunting animals; the hunt.

長

chō — Chief, head, or leader of a group or organization.

王

ō — A king or monarch; ruler of a kingdom.

の

no — Possessive/attributive particle linking nouns; 'of'.

王妃

ōhi — A queen consort; wife of a king.

犬

inu — Domestic animal kept as a pet or guard; dog.

両方

ryōhō — Both of two things or people; either side.

を

wo — Object-marking particle indicating the direct object.

盗ん

nusun — Conjunctive form of 'nusumu'; to steal or rob.

だ

da — Copula indicating assertion or identification; 'is/are'.

確信

kakushin — Firm belief or conviction; being certain about something.

し

shi — Conjunctive form of 'suru'; connects clauses listing reasons.

彼

kare — Third-person pronoun referring to a male; he/him.

最高

saikō — Highest level or supreme; the greatest or best.

裁判所

saibansho — A court of law where legal judgments are made.

引き

hiki — Stem of 'hiku'; pulling or bringing someone before.

立て

tate — Stem of 'tateru'; to bring up or summon formally.

ただちに

tadachi ni — Immediately; without delay; right away.

刑

kei — A punishment or sentence imposed by a court.

へ

e — Directional particle indicating movement toward a place.

終身

shūshin — For life; lifelong; pertaining to one's entire lifetime.

流刑

ruikei — Punishment by exile or banishment to a distant place.

宣告

senkoku — Official declaration of a sentence or verdict; pronouncement.

しかし

shikashi — Conjunction meaning 'however' or 'but'; introduces contrast.

判決

hanketsu — A judicial verdict or court decision; ruling.

言い渡される

iiwatasareru — Passive form of 'iiwatasu'; to be sentenced or pronounced.

や

ya — Particle meaning 'as soon as' or listing items loosely.

否や

inaya — 'No sooner than'; immediately after; as soon as.

行方

yukue — One's whereabouts or destination; where someone has gone.

不明

fumei — Unknown; unclear; whereabouts not known.

だっ

da(tta) — Past copula (contracted); was or were.

見つかっ

mitsukatt(a) — Past form of 'mitsukaru'; to be found or discovered.

そのため

sono tame — Because of that; therefore; for that reason.

裁判官

saibankan — A person who judges legal cases; a judge.

たち

tachi — Plural suffix used for people; 'they' or group.

苦痛

kutsū — Physical or mental pain; suffering; distress.

伴う

tomonau — To accompany; to entail; to involve something.

必要

hitsuyō — Necessity; something needed or required; essential.

迫ら

semara — Passive/conjunctive stem of 'semaru'; to be pressed or compelled.

れ

re — Passive auxiliary suffix attached to verb stems.

再考

saikō — Reconsidering; thinking over again; second thought.

見て

mite — Te-form of 'miru'; seeing, looking at; having seen.

い

i — Stem of 'iru'; being; existing (animate beings).

ない

nai — Negative auxiliary; does not; is not; nonexistent.

もの

mono — A thing, object, or person; nominalizer for circumstances.

見た

mita — Past tense of 'miru'; saw; did see.

言っ

itt(e) — Conjunctive past form of 'iu'; having said; saying.

として

to shite — Particle phrase meaning 'as' or 'in the capacity of'.

金

kin — The metal gold; also money in general.

四百

yonhyaku — The number four hundred (400).

罰金

bakkin — A monetary penalty for breaking rules; fine.

科し

kashī — Conjunctive form of 'kasu'; to impose a penalty.

まず

mazu — First of all; to begin with; before anything else.

最初

saisho — The very beginning; the first time or instance.

支払わ

shiharawa — Negative/conditional stem of 'shiharau'; to pay money.

なけれ

nakere — Conditional negative auxiliary; if not; unless.

ば

ba — Conditional particle meaning 'if' or 'when'.

なら

nara — Conditional copula meaning 'if it is' or 'if that is the case'.

なかっ

nakatt(a) — Past negative auxiliary; did not; was not.

その後

sonogo — After that; subsequently; thereafter.

法廷

hōtei — A courtroom; the place where legal trials occur.

で

de — Particle indicating location of action or means.

弁明

benmei — A defense or justification of one's actions; explanation.

述べる

noberu — To state, express, or set forth in words.

許さ

yurusa — Stem form of 'yurusu'; to permit, allow, or forgive.

以下

ika — Below a certain level; the following; less than.

よう

yō — Indicates appearance, manner, or resemblance; 'like', 'as if'.

語っ

katatt(e) — Conjunctive past of 'kataru'; having spoken or narrated.

正義

seigi — Justice; righteousness; moral fairness.

星々

hoshiboshi — The stars; plural of 'hoshi'; many stars in the sky.

よ

yo — Sentence-final particle used for exclamation or address.

知識

chishiki — Knowledge; learning; information one has acquired.

深淵

shin'en — A deep abyss; profound depth; unfathomable depths.

真理

shinri — Fundamental truth; universal principle; reality.

鏡

kagami — A reflective surface for seeing one's image; mirror.

重さ

omosa — The weight of something; heaviness.

鉛

namari — A heavy bluish-grey metal element; lead.

ごとく

gotoku — Classical simile particle meaning 'like' or 'as'.

不屈

fukutsu — Indomitable; unyielding; never giving up; perseverance.

さ

sa — Nominalizing suffix turning adjectives into nouns.

鉄

tetsu — A common strong metal; iron.

明晰

meiseki — Clear and sharp; lucid; having mental clarity.

匹敵

hitteki — To be a match for; to equal; rival in quality.

黄金

ōgon — Gold; precious yellow metal; something highly valued.

親和

shinwa — Affinity; harmony; friendly rapport between things.

性

sei — Suffix meaning nature, character, or property of something.

少なく

sukunaku — Adverbial form of 'sukunai'; in small quantity; few.

皆様

minasama — Honorific term addressing everyone present; ladies and gentlemen.

この

kono — Demonstrative adjective meaning 'this' (near the speaker).

崇高

sūkō — Sublime; lofty; noble and exalted in character.

な

na — Adjectival particle connecting na-adjectives to nouns.

集会

shūkai — A gathering, assembly, or meeting of people.

語りかける

katarikakeru — To speak to; to address someone; to call out.

から

kara — Particle meaning 'from', 'because', or 'since'.

誓っ

chikatt(e) — Conjunctive past of 'chikau'; having sworn or vowed.

申し上げ

mōshiage — Humble form of 'to say'; to humbly tell or state.

ます

masu — Polite present/future auxiliary verb ending.

由緒

yusho — Lineage, history, or distinguished pedigree; provenance.

ある

aru — To exist; to have; to be (for inanimate things).

たる

taru — Classical attributive copula meaning 'being' or 'which is'.

御方

okata — Honorific term for a person; 'this esteemed person'.

神聖

shinsei — Sacred; holy; divine in nature or character.

決して

kesshite — Never; by no means; used with negative verb forms.

ございません

gozaimasen — Formal polite negative copula; there is not; it is not.

これ

kore — Demonstrative pronoun for something near the speaker; this.

起き

oki — Stem of 'okiru'; to wake up or to occur/happen.

です

desu — Polite copula meaning 'is', 'am', or 'are'.

尊敬

sonkei — Respect, reverence, or admiration for someone.

べき

beki — Auxiliary indicating obligation or expectation; 'should/ought to'.

最も

mottomo — Superlative adverb meaning 'most' or 'extremely'.

高名

kōmei — Great fame or renown; being highly distinguished.

お会い

oai — Humble/polite form of 'au'; to meet or see someone.

する

suru — To do; general-purpose verb for performing actions.

光栄

kōei — Honor; glory; the privilege of a distinguished occasion.

得

e — To obtain; to gain; to be able to acquire.

小さな

chiisana — Small; little; tiny (attributive adjective form).

森

mori — A forest or grove of trees.

方

hō / kata — Direction, side; also honorific for a person.

散歩

sanpo — A leisurely walk or stroll outdoors.

おり

ori — Humble/conjunctive form of 'iru'; being (humble speech).

まし

mashi — Past polite auxiliary (part of 'mashita'); did; was.