Second Treatise of Government — Page 10
Those who have the supreme power of making laws in England, France or Holland, are to an Indian, but like the rest of the world, men without authority: and therefore, if by the law of nature every man hath not a power to punish offences against it, as he soberly judges the case to require, I see not how the magistrates of any community can punish an alien of another country; since, in reference to him, they can have no more power than what every man naturally may have over another.
Diejenigen, die in England, Frankreich oder Holland die höchste Gesetzgebungsgewalt besitzen, sind für einen Indianer nichts anderes als der Rest der Welt: Menschen ohne Autorität. Wenn also nach dem Naturgesetz nicht jeder Mensch die Macht hat, Vergehen dagegen zu bestrafen, so wie er es nüchtern für erforderlich hält, so sehe ich nicht, wie die Obrigkeit irgendeiner Gemeinschaft einen Fremden aus einem anderen Land bestrafen kann; denn ihr gegenüber kann sie keine größere Macht haben, als die, die jeder Mensch von Natur aus über einen anderen haben kann.
Sect, 10. Besides the crime which consists in violating the law, and varying from the right rule of reason, whereby a man so far becomes degenerate, and declares himself to quit the principles of human nature, and to be a noxious creature, there is commonly injury done to some person or other, and some other man receives damage by his transgression: in which case he who hath received any damage, has, besides the right of punishment common to him with other men, a particular right to seek reparation from him that has done it: and any other person, who finds it just, may also join with him that is injured, and assist him in recovering from the offender so much as may make satisfaction for the harm he has suffered.
§ 10. Neben dem Vergehen, das darin besteht, das Gesetz zu verletzen und von der rechten Regel der Vernunft abzuweichen, wodurch ein Mensch so weit entartet und erklärt, die Grundsätze der menschlichen Natur aufzugeben und ein schädliches Geschöpf zu sein, wird gewöhnlich einer Person oder einer anderen Schaden zugefügt, und ein anderer Mensch erleidet durch seine Übertretung einen Schaden: In diesem Fall hat derjenige, dem ein Schaden entstanden ist, neben dem Recht auf Bestrafung, das er mit anderen Menschen gemeinsam hat, ein besonderes Recht, von demjenigen, der ihn verursacht hat, Wiedergutmachung zu verlangen; und jede andere Person, die es für gerecht hält, kann sich demjenigen anschließen, der geschädigt wurde, und ihm dabei helfen, vom Täter so viel zurückzufordern, wie zur Wiedergutmachung des erlittenen Schadens erforderlich ist.
Sect. 11.
§ 11.
Vocabulary
- Diejenigen
- Those (people), referring to a specific group
- die
- Who/which; definite article (the)
- in
- In, inside, within a place or time
- England
- England, country in the United Kingdom
- Frankreich
- France, a country in western Europe
- oder
- Or, used to connect alternatives
- Holland
- Holland, informal name for the Netherlands
- höchste
- Highest, supreme, of greatest authority or rank
- Gesetzgebungsgewalt
- Legislative power, authority to make laws
- besitzen
- To possess, own, or hold something
- sind
- Are, third-person plural of 'sein' (to be)
- für
- For, in favor of, on behalf of
- einen
- A/an, indefinite article, accusative masculine
- Indianer
- Native American, indigenous person of the Americas
- nichts
- Nothing, not anything at all
- anderes
- Other, different, something else
- als
- Than, as, used in comparisons or equivalences
- der
- The, definite article, nominative masculine singular
- Rest
- Rest, remainder, what is left over
- Welt
- World, the entire earth or existence
- Menschen
- People, human beings, plural of Mensch
- ohne
- Without, lacking something or someone
- Autorität
- Authority, power or recognized influence over others
- Wenn
- If, when; introduces a conditional clause
- also
- So, therefore, thus; logical conclusion marker
- nach
- After, according to, toward a destination
- dem
- The, definite article, dative masculine/neuter
- Naturgesetz
- Law of nature, fundamental natural principle
- nicht
- Not, negation word in German
- jeder
- Every, each, every single one
- Mensch
- Person, human being, individual
- Macht
- Power, authority, ability to do something
- hat
- Has, third-person singular of 'haben' (to have)
- Vergehen
- Offense, transgression, minor criminal act
- dagegen
- Against it, in opposition to that
- zu
- To, toward, too; preposition or infinitive marker
- bestrafen
- To punish, to impose a penalty on someone
- so
- So, thus, in such a manner
- wie
- How, as, like; comparison or manner word
- er
- He, third-person masculine singular pronoun
- es
- It, third-person neuter singular pronoun
- nüchtern
- Sober, calm, rational, clear-headed in judgment
- erforderlich
- Necessary, required, deemed essential in context
- hält
- Considers, holds; third-person of 'halten'
- sehe
- See, first-person singular of 'sehen'
- ich
- I, first-person singular personal pronoun
- Obrigkeit
- Authority, governing body, ruling power over citizens
- irgendeiner
- Any, some, of any kind or origin
- Gemeinschaft
- Community, society, group sharing common bonds
- Fremden
- Strangers, foreigners, people from another place
- aus
- From, out of, originating from a place
- einem
- A/an, indefinite article, dative masculine/neuter
- anderen
- Another, other, different one
- Land
- Country, land, region or nation
- kann
- Can, is able to; modal verb of ability
- denn
- Because, for; explains or gives a reason
- ihr
- Her, their, your (plural) pronoun or possessive
- gegenüber
- Toward, opposite, in relation to someone
- sie
- She, they, you (formal) pronoun
- keine
- No, none, not any (negation of ein)
- größere
- Greater, larger, more significant in degree
- haben
- To have, to possess something
- von
- From, of, by; common German preposition
- Natur
- Nature, the natural world or innate character
- über
- Over, above, about, concerning something
- Neben
- Besides, next to, in addition to something
- das
- The/that, definite article or demonstrative pronoun
- darin
- Therein, in it, within that thing
- besteht
- Consists, exists; third-person of 'bestehen'
- Gesetz
- Law, statute, legal rule or regulation
- verletzen
- To violate, injure, or break a rule
- und
- And, connecting words or clauses together
- rechten
- Right, correct, proper; adjective in dative
- Regel
- Rule, principle, standard guideline to follow
- Vernunft
- Reason, rationality, the faculty of logical thought
- abzuweichen
- To deviate, to stray from a norm
- wodurch
- Whereby, by which, through which means
- ein
- A/an, indefinite article, or the number one
- weit
- Far, wide, to a great extent or degree
- entartet
- Degenerated, depraved, having deviated from norms
- erklärt
- Declares, explains; third-person of 'erklären'
- Grundsätze
- Principles, fundamental rules guiding behavior
- menschlichen
- Human, relating to humankind or human nature
- aufzugeben
- To abandon, give up, relinquish something
- schädliches
- Harmful, injurious, damaging to others
- Geschöpf
- Creature, being, a created living entity
- sein
- To be; infinitive or possessive pronoun (his)
- wird
- Becomes/will; auxiliary for future or passive
- gewöhnlich
- Usually, ordinarily, in the common course
- einer
- A/one, indefinite article, genitive/dative feminine
- Person
- Person, individual human being
- Schaden
- Damage, harm, injury caused to someone
- zugefügt
- Inflicted, caused harm; past participle of 'zufügen'
- anderer
- Another, a different one, someone else
- erleidet
- Suffers, endures; third-person of 'erleiden'
- durch
- Through, by means of, because of
- seine
- His, its; third-person masculine possessive pronoun
- Übertretung
- Transgression, violation of a law or rule
- In
- In, within; preposition indicating location or time
- diesem
- This, in this; dative demonstrative pronoun
- Fall
- Case, instance, situation, or event
- derjenige
- The one, that person, he who (specific reference)
- entstanden
- Arisen, originated; past participle of 'entstehen'
- ist
- Is, third-person singular of 'sein' (to be)
- neben
- Beside, next to, in addition to
- Recht
- Right, law, entitlement, or justice
- auf
- On, upon, onto; common German preposition
- Bestrafung
- Punishment, penalization, imposition of a penalty
- mit
- With, together with, by means of
- gemeinsam
- Together, jointly, shared by multiple parties
- besonderes
- Particular, special, specific in nature
- demjenigen
- To the one, to that person (dative reference)
- ihn
- Him, accusative masculine third-person pronoun
- verursacht
- Caused, brought about; past participle of 'verursachen'
- Wiedergutmachung
- Reparation, restitution, making amends for harm
- verlangen
- To demand, request, require something from someone
- jede
- Every, each; feminine form of 'jeder'
- andere
- Other, another, different person or thing
- gerecht
- Just, fair, righteous in judgment or action
- sich
- Himself/herself/itself/themselves; reflexive pronoun
- anschließen
- To join, connect, associate oneself with others
- geschädigt
- Harmed, damaged; past participle of 'schädigen'
- wurde
- Was (became); simple past of 'werden'
- ihm
- Him, to him; dative masculine pronoun
- dabei
- Thereby, in doing so, in the process
- helfen
- To help, assist someone with something
- vom
- From the, contraction of 'von dem'
- Täter
- Perpetrator, offender, person who committed an act
- viel
- Much, a lot, a great amount
- zurückzufordern
- To reclaim, demand back, recover what was lost
- zur
- To the, contraction of 'zu der'
- des
- Of the, genitive definite article (masculine/neuter)
- erlittenen
- Suffered, endured; adjective from 'erleiden'
- Schadens
- Of the damage/harm; genitive of 'Schaden'
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