Second Treatise of Government — Page 10
Those who have the supreme power of making laws in England, France or Holland, are to an Indian, but like the rest of the world, men without authority: and therefore, if by the law of nature every man hath not a power to punish offences against it, as he soberly judges the case to require, I see not how the magistrates of any community can punish an alien of another country; since, in reference to him, they can have no more power than what every man naturally may have over another.
Ceux qui ont le pouvoir suprême de faire des lois en Angleterre, en France ou en Hollande, ne sont, aux yeux d'un Indien, que comme le reste du monde, des hommes sans autorité : et par conséquent, si par la loi de la nature tout homme n'a pas le pouvoir de punir les infractions à cette loi, selon ce qu'il juge sobrement que le cas l'exige, je ne vois pas comment les magistrats d'une communauté quelconque peuvent punir un étranger d'un autre pays ; puisque, par rapport à lui, ils ne peuvent avoir plus de pouvoir que ce que tout homme peut naturellement avoir sur un autre.
Sect, 10. Besides the crime which consists in violating the law, and varying from the right rule of reason, whereby a man so far becomes degenerate, and declares himself to quit the principles of human nature, and to be a noxious creature, there is commonly injury done to some person or other, and some other man receives damage by his transgression: in which case he who hath received any damage, has, besides the right of punishment common to him with other men, a particular right to seek reparation from him that has done it: and any other person, who finds it just, may also join with him that is injured, and assist him in recovering from the offender so much as may make satisfaction for the harm he has suffered.
Sect. 10. Outre le crime qui consiste à violer la loi et à s'écarter de la juste règle de la raison, par lequel un homme devient à ce point dégénéré et se déclare prêt à abandonner les principes de la nature humaine pour devenir une créature nuisible, il est ordinairement causé un préjudice à quelque personne, et quelque autre homme reçoit un dommage par sa transgression : auquel cas celui qui a reçu quelque dommage a, outre le droit de punition qui lui est commun avec les autres hommes, un droit particulier de demander réparation à celui qui l'a causé : et toute autre personne, qui le juge juste, peut également se joindre à celui qui est lésé et l'aider à obtenir de l'offenseur une satisfaction suffisante pour le tort qu'il a subi.
Sect. 11.
Sect. 11.
Vocabulary
- Ceux
- Those (people), referring to a specific group
- qui
- Who, which, that (relative/interrogative pronoun)
- ont
- Have (third person plural of avoir)
- le
- The (masculine singular definite article)
- pouvoir
- Power, authority, or ability to do something
- suprême
- Supreme, highest in rank or authority
- de
- Of, from (very common preposition)
- faire
- To do, to make (fundamental verb)
- des
- Some, of the (plural indefinite article)
- lois
- Laws, rules enacted by governing authority
- en
- In, within (preposition of place or manner)
- Angleterre
- England, country in the United Kingdom
- France
- France, Western European country and nation
- ou
- Or (conjunction linking alternatives)
- Hollande
- Holland, historical region referring to the Netherlands
- ne
- Not (negation particle used with pas)
- sont
- Are (third person plural of être)
- aux
- To the, at the (plural contracted preposition)
- yeux
- Eyes; figuratively, perspective or point of view
- d'
- Of, from (elided form before vowel)
- un
- A, an (masculine singular indefinite article)
- Indien
- Indian, person from India or indigenous America
- que
- That, which, than (conjunction or pronoun)
- comme
- Like, as (comparison or manner conjunction)
- reste
- Rest, remainder, what is left over
- du
- Of the (masculine singular contracted article)
- monde
- World; also people in general
- hommes
- Men, human beings, people in general
- sans
- Without (preposition indicating absence)
- autorité
- Authority, power to enforce rules or commands
- et
- And (basic coordinating conjunction)
- par
- By, through, per (preposition of means)
- conséquent
- Consequent; par conséquent means therefore, consequently
- si
- If, whether (conditional conjunction)
- la
- The (feminine singular definite article)
- loi
- Law, legal rule or statute
- nature
- Nature, the natural world or inherent character
- tout
- All, every, whole (adjective or pronoun)
- homme
- Man, human being, person
- n'
- Not (elided negation particle before vowel)
- a
- Has (third person singular of avoir)
- pas
- Not (negation particle paired with ne)
- punir
- To punish, to impose penalty for wrongdoing
- les
- The (plural definite article)
- infractions
- Infractions, violations of a law or rule
- à
- To, at, in (very common preposition)
- cette
- This (feminine singular demonstrative adjective)
- selon
- According to, in accordance with
- ce
- This, that (demonstrative pronoun or adjective)
- qu'
- That, which (elided form of que)
- il
- He, it (third person masculine singular pronoun)
- juge
- Judges, deems; also noun meaning judge
- sobrement
- Soberly, calmly, with measured judgment
- cas
- Case, situation, instance requiring attention
- l'
- The (elided definite article before vowel)
- exige
- Requires, demands (from verb exiger)
- je
- I (first person singular subject pronoun)
- vois
- See (first person singular of voir)
- comment
- How (interrogative or conjunction of manner)
- magistrats
- Magistrates, public officials with judicial authority
- une
- A, an (feminine singular indefinite article)
- communauté
- Community, group sharing common interests or place
- quelconque
- Any, whatever, of any kind whatsoever
- peuvent
- Can, are able to (third person plural pouvoir)
- étranger
- Foreigner, stranger, person from another country
- autre
- Other, another, different
- pays
- Country, land, nation
- puisque
- Since, because, given that (causal conjunction)
- rapport
- Relation, connection, report; rapport à means regarding
- lui
- Him, to him (indirect object pronoun)
- ils
- They (third person masculine plural pronoun)
- avoir
- To have (infinitive of fundamental auxiliary verb)
- plus
- More, no longer (adverb of degree or negation)
- peut
- Can, is able to (third person singular pouvoir)
- naturellement
- Naturally, of course, in a natural manner
- sur
- On, over, upon (preposition of position)
- Outre
- Besides, beyond, in addition to
- crime
- Crime, serious offense against law or morality
- consiste
- Consists of (third person singular of consister)
- violer
- To violate, to break a law or right
- s'
- Oneself (reflexive pronoun, elided before vowel)
- écarter
- To deviate, to move away, to set aside
- juste
- Just, fair, correct, righteous
- règle
- Rule, standard, principle guiding behavior
- raison
- Reason, rational faculty, justification
- lequel
- Which, who (relative pronoun, masculine singular)
- devient
- Becomes (third person singular of devenir)
- point
- Not at all (literary negation); also a point
- dégénéré
- Degenerate, having declined from proper standard
- se
- Oneself, himself, herself (reflexive pronoun)
- déclare
- Declares, announces, proclaims openly
- prêt
- Ready, prepared to do something
- abandonner
- To abandon, to give up, to forsake
- principes
- Principles, fundamental rules or beliefs
- humaine
- Human (feminine adjective), relating to humanity
- pour
- For, in order to (preposition of purpose)
- devenir
- To become (infinitive of devenir)
- créature
- Creature, a living being
- nuisible
- Harmful, noxious, damaging to others
- est
- Is (third person singular of être)
- ordinairement
- Ordinarily, usually, in the normal course
- causé
- Caused, brought about (past participle of causer)
- préjudice
- Prejudice, harm, injury to someone's rights
- quelque
- Some, a certain (indefinite adjective)
- personne
- Person, individual; also nobody (with negation)
- reçoit
- Receives (third person singular of recevoir)
- dommage
- Damage, harm, loss suffered by someone
- sa
- His, her, its (feminine singular possessive adjective)
- transgression
- Transgression, violation of a law or moral code
- auquel
- To which, to whom (contracted relative pronoun)
- celui
- The one, that one (masculine singular demonstrative pronoun)
- reçu
- Received (past participle of recevoir)
- outre
- Besides, in addition to, beyond
- droit
- Right, entitlement; also law or straight
- punition
- Punishment, penalty for a wrongful act
- commun
- Common, shared, belonging to all
- avec
- With, together with (preposition)
- autres
- Others, the rest, other people
- particulier
- Particular, individual, private person
- demander
- To ask for, to request, to demand
- réparation
- Reparation, compensation for harm or damage
- toute
- All, every, entire (feminine singular adjective)
- également
- Equally, also, likewise
- joindre
- To join, to unite, to connect together
- lésé
- Wronged, injured, harmed (past participle of léser)
- aider
- To help, to assist someone
- obtenir
- To obtain, to get, to achieve something
- offenseur
- Offender, one who commits a wrong or offense
- satisfaction
- Satisfaction, adequate compensation or remedy
- suffisante
- Sufficient, enough, adequate (feminine adjective)
- tort
- Wrong, injustice, harm done to someone
- subi
- Suffered, undergone (past participle of subir)
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