The Expedition of Humphry Clinker — Page 1

Vocabulary

Ho

First person singular present of 'avere' (to have)

ricevuto

Received; past participle of 'ricevere'

la

The; feminine singular definite article

vostra

Your (plural/formal); feminine singular possessive adjective

stimata

Esteemed, valued; formal adjective for respected correspondence

lettera

Letter; written message sent to someone

del

Of the; masculine singular contraction of 'di' and 'il'

mese

Month; unit of time in a calendar year

scorso

Last, past; referring to the most recent period

dalla

From the; feminine singular contraction of 'da' and 'la'

quale

Which, that; relative pronoun referring to a thing

risulta

It results, it emerges; third person singular of 'risultare'

che

That, which; subordinating conjunction or relative pronoun

avete

You have (plural); second person plural of 'avere'

letto

Read; past participle of 'leggere'

quelle

Those; feminine plural demonstrative adjective or pronoun

stesse

Same; feminine plural adjective emphasizing identity

Lettere

Letters; plural of 'lettera', written communications

le

The; feminine plural definite article

quali

Which; plural relative pronoun referring to things or people

vi

To you, you; indirect or direct object pronoun (plural)

furono

Were; third person plural past absolute of 'essere'

consegnate

Delivered, handed over; past participle of 'consegnare'

dal

From the, by the; masculine singular contraction of 'da' and 'il'

mio

My; masculine singular first person possessive adjective

amico

Friend; male person with whom one has a friendship

il

The; masculine singular definite article

reverendo

Reverend; honorific title for a member of the clergy

signor

Mr., sir; honorific title used before a man's name

e

And; basic coordinating conjunction joining words or clauses

sono

I am / they are; first person singular or third plural of 'essere'

lieto

Glad, pleased; adjective expressing happiness or satisfaction

di

Of, from; versatile Italian preposition indicating various relations

apprendere

To learn, to hear; verb meaning to acquire information

riteniate

You believe, you consider; subjunctive of 'ritenere' (plural)

esse

They, them; feminine third person plural pronoun

possano

They can, they may; subjunctive of 'potere' (third plural)

essere

To be; fundamental auxiliary and copular verb in Italian

stampate

Printed, published; past participle of 'stampare'

con

With; preposition indicating accompaniment or manner

buone

Good; feminine plural adjective indicating positive quality

prospettive

Prospects, outlooks; expectations or future possibilities

successo

Success; favorable outcome or achievement of a goal

poiché

Since, because; causal conjunction introducing a reason

obiezioni

Objections; reasons given against a proposal or argument

menzionate

Mentioned; past participle of 'menzionare', brought up in discussion

a

To, at; preposition indicating direction, location, or purpose

umile

Humble; adjective describing modesty or lack of arrogance

avviso

Opinion, notice; view or formal announcement

tali

Such; plural adjective meaning of that kind or nature

da

From, by; preposition indicating origin, agent, or time

poter

To be able; infinitive of 'potere' in clipped form

confutate

Refuted, disproved; past participle of 'confutare'

se

If; conditional conjunction introducing a hypothetical clause

non

Not; basic negation adverb in Italian

tutto

All, entirely; adjective or adverb meaning completely or everything

eliminate

Eliminated, removed; past participle of 'eliminare'

E

And; coordinating conjunction (also 'ed' before vowels)

prima

First, before; adverb or adjective indicating priority in order

in

In, into; preposition indicating location or direction

primo

First; masculine ordinal adjective indicating initial position

luogo

Place; location or spot; also used in 'in primo luogo' (firstly)

riguardo

Regarding, with respect to; preposition indicating the subject matter

procedimenti

Proceedings, procedures; formal legal or administrative processes

legali

Legal; adjective relating to the law or legal system

derivare

To derive, to arise from; verb indicating origin or consequence

stampa

Press, printing; publication or the act of printing

della

Of the; feminine singular contraction of 'di' and 'la'

corrispondenza

Correspondence; exchange of letters between individuals

privata

Private; feminine adjective meaning personal and not public

persone

People, persons; plural of 'persona'

ancora

Still, yet; adverb indicating continuation of a state

vita

Life; the state of being alive

mi

Me, to me; first person singular object pronoun

sia

Be; subjunctive of 'essere', used in formal or hypothetical contexts

consentito

Permitted, allowed; past participle of 'consentire'

tutta

All, entire; feminine singular adjective meaning the whole of

dovuta

Due, owed; feminine adjective indicating proper or appropriate

umiltà

Humility; the quality of being modest or unassuming

osservare

To observe, to note; to remark or watch carefully

questione

Question, matter, issue; topic under discussion or dispute

scritte

Written; feminine plural past participle of 'scrivere'

inviate

Sent; feminine plural past participle of 'inviare'

sotto

Under, beneath; preposition indicating position below something

sigillo

Seal; a mark or stamp guaranteeing authenticity or secrecy

segretezza

Secrecy; the condition of keeping information hidden or private

tendono

They tend, they lean; third person plural of 'tendere'

alla

To the; feminine singular contraction of 'a' and 'la'

mala

Bad, evil; archaic or literary feminine adjective meaning wicked

fama

Fame, reputation; how a person is known publicly

né

Neither, nor; conjunction used in negative correlative constructions

al

To the, at the; masculine singular contraction of 'a' and 'il'

pregiudizio

Prejudice, harm; unfair bias or damage to someone's reputation

alcuna

Any, some; feminine singular indefinite adjective (often negative context)

persona

Person; an individual human being

ma

But; coordinating conjunction expressing contrast or opposition

piuttosto

Rather, instead; adverb indicating preference or contrast

all'

To the; contraction of 'a' and 'la/lo' before a vowel

informazione

Information; knowledge communicated or received about something

edificazione

Edification; moral or spiritual instruction and improvement

dell'

Of the; contraction of 'di' and 'la/lo' before a vowel

umanità

Humanity; all human beings collectively; human kindness

cosicché

So that, therefore; conjunction indicating consequence or result

diventa

Becomes; third person singular present of 'diventare'

una

A, an; feminine singular indefinite article

sorta

Sort, kind; a type or variety of something

dovere

Duty, obligation; also 'must/to have to' as a modal verb

divulgarle

To divulge them, to make them public; infinitive plus pronoun

Inoltre

Furthermore, moreover; adverb adding additional information

ho

I have; first person singular present of 'avere'

consultato

Consulted; past participle of 'consultare', sought advice from

un

A, an; masculine singular indefinite article

eminente

Eminent, distinguished; adjective describing someone of high standing

avvocato

Lawyer, attorney; legal professional who advises and represents clients

questo

This; masculine singular demonstrative pronoun or adjective

dopo

After, afterwards; preposition or adverb indicating sequence in time

attenta

Careful, attentive; feminine adjective meaning thorough or diligent

ispezione

Inspection, examination; careful official review or scrutiny

considerazione

Consideration; careful thought or regard given to something

dichiara

Declares, states; third person singular of 'dichiarare'

ritiene

Considers, believes; third person singular of 'ritenere'

suddette

Aforementioned; feminine plural adjective referring to previously mentioned items

contengano

Contain; third person plural subjunctive of 'contenere'

materia

Matter, subject matter; content or material of a document

possa

Can, may; first/third person singular subjunctive of 'potere'

ritenuta

Considered, deemed; feminine past participle of 'ritenere'

perseguibile

Prosecutable; adjective meaning liable to legal prosecution

agli

To the; masculine plural contraction of 'a' and 'gli'

occhi

Eyes; plural of 'occhio'; also used figuratively as 'in the eyes of'

legge

Law; system of rules enforced by a governing authority