The Odyssey: Rendered into English prose for the use of those who cannot read the original — Page 4

Vocabulary

イリアス

Iriasu — The Iliad, ancient Greek epic poem by Homer.

の

no — Possessive or linking particle connecting nouns.

翻訳

hon'yaku — Translation; converting text from one language to another.

序文

jobun — Preface or foreword introducing a book or work.

に

ni — Particle indicating location, direction, or purpose.

おいて

oite — At, in, or regarding a particular context or place.

て

te — Conjunctive particle connecting verbs or clauses.

翻訳者

hon'yakusha — A translator; person who translates between languages.

が

ga — Subject marker particle identifying the subject.

導かれる

michibikareru — To be guided or led by principles or rules.

べき

beki — Should, ought to; expresses obligation or expectation.

主要な

shuyō na — Main, principal, or most important among several.

原則

gensoku — Principle or fundamental rule guiding conduct or action.

な

na — Adjectival particle linking na-adjectives to nouns.

つい

tsui — Unintentionally; just now; casually without thinking.

私

watashi — I, me; first-person singular pronoun in Japanese.

見解

kenkai — One's view, opinion, or interpretation on a matter.

を

wo — Object marker particle indicating the direct object.

述べ

nobe — To state, express, or articulate one's thoughts.

おり

ori — Humble form of 'iru'; to be, to exist (polite).

ここ

koko — Here; this place; the current location or context.

で

de — Particle indicating location of action or means.

繰り返す

kurikaesu — To repeat or reiterate something said or done before.

必要

hitsuyō — Necessity; something needed or required for a purpose.

は

wa — Topic marker particle highlighting the sentence topic.

ない

nai — Negation; there is not; does not exist.

ただし

tadashi — However, provided that; introduces a qualification or exception.

詩

shi — Poetry; a poem or verse form of literary expression.

散文

sanbun — Prose; ordinary written language without verse structure.

する

suru — To do; general-purpose action verb in Japanese.

という

to iu — Called, known as; quotes or names something specifically.

最初

saisho — First, beginning; the very start of something.

自由

jiyū — Freedom, liberty; unconstrained choice or expression.

全体

zentai — The whole, entire; totality of something considered together.

通じ

tsūji — Through, throughout; to pass through or communicate via.

多かれ

ōkare — More or less; whether more (used in set phrase).

少なかれ

sukunakare — More or less; whether fewer (used in set phrase).

絶えず

taezu — Constantly, ceaselessly, without interruption or pause.

取る

toru — To take, adopt, or employ a method or approach.

こと

koto — Thing, fact, matter; nominalizes verbs into noun phrases.

伴う

tomonau — To accompany, involve, or entail something else.

点

ten — Point, aspect, or particular feature of something.

指摘

shiteki — Pointing out, noting, or indicating a specific issue.

とどめる

todomeru — To limit, confine, or stop at a certain point.

正しい

tadashii — Correct, right, accurate; conforming to truth or standard.

多く

ōku — Many, much; a large quantity or number of things.

誤り

ayamari — Error, mistake, or inaccuracy in a text or judgment.

あり

ari — There is/are; existence (classical or formal form).

読み

yomi — Reading; the act of reading a text or passage.

やすい

yasui — Easy to do; suffix meaning something is easy to perform.

条件

jōken — Condition, requirement, or prerequisite for something.

こそ

koso — Emphatic particle stressing the preceding word or phrase.

考慮

kōryo — Consideration, taking into account; deliberate thoughtful reflection.

さ

sa — Nominalizing suffix; casual sentence-ending particle.

だ

da — Copula; informal form of 'desu', meaning 'is' or 'are'.

から

kara — From, because; particle indicating origin or reason.

ある

aru — To exist, to be; existence of inanimate things.

しかし

shikashi — However, but; conjunction introducing a contrasting statement.

読者

dokusha — Reader; a person who reads a text or publication.

厳密

genmitsu — Strict, precise, rigorous; exact adherence to a standard.

解釈

kaishaku — Interpretation or reading of a text or situation.

どれ

dore — Which one; interrogative pronoun selecting among several options.

ほど

hodo — To the extent of; degree or approximate amount.

離れ

hanare — To be apart from, deviate, or distance from something.

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary verb marker in Japanese.

か

ka — Question particle placed at sentence end to ask questions.

確認

kakunin — Confirmation, verification; checking to make certain of something.

できる

dekiru — To be able to, can; potential verb in Japanese.

る

ru — Dictionary form verb ending; present/future tense marker.

よう

yō — So that, in order to; expresses purpose or resemblance.

氏

shi — Mr./Ms.; honorific suffix for a person's name.

と

to — And; with; particle connecting nouns or quoting speech.

よる

yoru — By means of, due to; attributing cause or authorship.

オデュッセイア

Odyusseia — The Odyssey; Homer's epic of Odysseus's long journey home.

約

yaku — Approximately, about; indicating an approximate quantity or number.

六十

rokujū — Sixty; the number 60.

行

gyō — Line (of text); a row in a written or printed work.

掲載

keisai — Publication, inclusion; printed or posted in a document.

彼ら

karera — They, them; third-person plural pronoun in Japanese.

次

tsugi — Next, following; the one that comes after another.

とおり

tōri — As, in accordance with; exactly as stated or shown.

語れ

katare — Speak! Tell!; imperative form of 'to narrate or tell'.

よ

yo — Sentence-final particle for emphasis or direct address.

あの

ano — That (over there); demonstrative adjective for distant things.

男

otoko — Man, male; an adult male person.

際し

saishi — On the occasion of; at the time of an event.

かく

kaku — Thus, in this way; archaic/literary adverb meaning 'so'.

も

mo — Also, too, even; inclusive or additive particle.

機知

kichi — Wit, ingenuity; clever resourcefulness in difficult situations.

富み

tomi — Richness, abundance; being full of or rich in something.

神聖

shinsei — Sacred, holy; regarded with religious reverence or sanctity.

城塞

jōsai — Fortress, citadel; a strongly fortified defensive structure.

略奪

ryakudatsu — Plunder, pillage; seizing goods by force or conquest.

し

shi — Conjunctive verb form; also, and then (linking actions).

後

nochi / ato — After, later; following a specific event in time.

広く

hiroku — Widely, broadly; over a large area or extent.

遠く

tōku — Far, distant; at or to a great distance away.

彷徨い

samayoi — Wandering, roaming aimlessly; drifting without fixed destination.

歩き

aruki — Walking; the act of moving on foot.

その

sono — That, those; demonstrative adjective for nearby or known things.

町々

machimachi — Towns, various towns; plural of town suggesting many places.

見て

mite — Seeing, having seen; te-form of 'to look or see'.

心

kokoro — Heart, mind, spirit; inner feelings and consciousness.

知っ

shitt(e) — Knowing, having known; te-form of 'to know'.

人々

hitobito — People, persons; plural form referring to many individuals.

そし

soshi — And then, moreover; archaic connective linking narrative events.

また

mata — Also, again; additionally connecting clauses or listing items.

己

onore / mizukara — Oneself; reflexive pronoun referring back to the subject.

命

inochi — Life; one's vital existence or lifespan.

仲間

nakama — Companions, comrades; people sharing a group or cause.

たち

tachi — Plural suffix for people; indicates a group of persons.

帰還

kikan — Return home; coming back especially after a long journey.

勝ち取ろ

kachitoro — Let's win, strive to win; volitional form of 'to win'.

う

u — Volitional suffix expressing intention, will, or suggestion.

努め

tsutome — Striving, endeavoring; making earnest effort toward a goal.

ながら

nagara — While doing; simultaneous action conjunction in Japanese.

大海

taikai — The great sea, vast ocean; a large expanse of water.

上

ue / jō — On, above, upon; indicating surface or superior position.

苦難

kunan — Hardship, suffering, tribulation; great difficulty or affliction.

受け

uke — Receiving, sustaining; te-form of 'to receive or undergo'.

されど

saredo — Nevertheless, yet; archaic adversative conjunction meaning 'but'.

望ん

nozon — Wishing, desiring; contracted form of 'nozonde' (to wish).

い

i — Being; short form of 'iru', indicating ongoing state.

かかわら

kakawara — Regardless of; despite (used in set phrase にもかかわらず).

ず

zu — Classical negative suffix; archaic equivalent of 'nai' (not).

彼

kare — He, him; third-person masculine singular pronoun.

救う

sukuu — To save, rescue; to deliver someone from danger or harm.

なかっ

nakatt(a) — Was not able to; past negative form of 'nai'.

なぜなら

nazenara — Because, the reason being; introduces a causal explanation.

自身

jishin — Oneself, themselves; emphatic reflexive pronoun.

盲目

mōmoku — Blindness; lacking sight or discernment, literal or figurative.

ゆえ

yue — Because of, due to; literary causal particle meaning 'therefore'.

滅び

horobi — Ruin, destruction, perishing; the end or downfall of something.

愚か者

orokamono — Fool, foolish person; someone who acts without wisdom.

ども

domo — Plural suffix (derogatory or humble); indicates a group.

牛

ushi — Cow, cattle; domesticated bovine animal.

食い尽くし

kuitsukushi — Eating up entirely; consuming all of something completely.

神

kami — God, deity, divine spirit in Japanese or other traditions.

日

hi / nichi — Day, sun; the daytime or the celestial body.

奪っ

ubatt(e) — Seizing, taking away; te-form of 'to snatch or rob'.

これら

korera — These; plural demonstrative pronoun referring to nearby things.

娘

musume — Daughter, young woman; a female child of a parent.

たる

taru — Being, as; classical copula asserting a quality or status.

女神

megami — Goddess; a female deity worshipped in religion or myth.

いずこ

izuko — Where, wherever; archaic interrogative pronoun for location.

にて

nite — At, in, by means of; classical or formal locative particle.

それ

sore — That; demonstrative pronoun for something not near speaker.

聞き

kiki — Hearing, listening; stem form of 'to hear or listen'.

知り

shiri — Knowing, having knowledge; stem form of 'to know'.

とも

tomo — Even if, though; concessive particle also meaning 'together'.

我ら

warera — We, us; archaic or literary first-person plural pronoun.

語り

katari — Narrating, telling; the act of recounting a story.

聞かせ

kikase — Letting hear, telling; causative form of 'to make someone hear'.

たまえ

tamae — Please do (for me); archaic honorific imperative requesting action.