The Odyssey: Rendered into English prose for the use of those who cannot read the original — Page 8

Vocabulary

の

no — Possessive or linking particle connecting nouns

時代

jidai — Era, age, period of time

以来

irai — Since, ever since a certain point in time

を

wo — Object marker particle indicating direct object

めぐって

megutte — Concerning, surrounding, revolving around a topic

生じ

shōji — To arise, occur, come into being (stem form)

て

te — Conjunctive particle connecting clauses or actions

き

ki — Auxiliary indicating action continuing up to now

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary verb particle

諸問題

shomondai — Various problems, multiple issues or questions

今日

kyō / konnichi — Today; the present day or era

論じる

ronjiru — To discuss, argue, or debate a topic

者

mono / sha — Person, one who does something, scholar

が

ga — Subject marker particle identifying the subject

明らか

akiraka — Clear, obvious, evident, apparent

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, location, or manner

一つ

hitotsu — One thing, one item (native Japanese numeral)

地域

chiiki — Region, area, local district or zone

から

kara — From; particle indicating origin or cause

書か

kaka — Written (stem of 書く, to write)

れ

re — Passive auxiliary indicating something was done

もの

mono — Thing, object, that which is something

で

de — Particle indicating means, location of action, or copula

あり

ari — To be, to exist (conjunctive form of ある)

それ

sore — That, it; refers to something previously mentioned

ゆえ

yue — Therefore, for that reason, hence

他

hoka / ta — Other, another, else, remaining things

何

nani / nan — What; used in questions or indefinite references

も

mo — Also, too, even; inclusive or emphatic particle

手がかり

tegakari — Clue, lead, hint, something to go on

ない

nai — Not exist, there is no; negative form

と

to — And; quotation or conditional particle

し

shi — Conjunctive form of する; also listing reasons

おそらく

osoraku — Probably, presumably, most likely

一人

hitori — One person, a single individual

人物

jinbutsu — Person, individual, character, personage

によって

ni yotte — By means of, by (agent marker in passive)

のみ

nomi — Only, merely, solely, nothing but

ある

aru — To exist, to be (for inanimate things)

こと

koto — Thing, fact, matter (nominalizer)

確実

kakujitsu — Certain, definite, sure, reliable

紀元前

kigenzen — Before the Common Era, BC (before Christ)

年

nen — Year; counter for years

以前

izen — Before, previously, earlier than a point

そして

soshite — And then, and also, furthermore

ほぼ

hobo — Almost, nearly, approximately

間違い

machigai — Mistake, error; without doubt (間違いなく)

なく

naku — Without, not being (conjunctive negative form)

この

kono — This (demonstrative adjective modifying a noun)

非常

hijō — Extraordinary, very, extremely; unusual

古い

furui — Old, ancient, aged (adjective for things)

詩

shi — Poem, poetry, verse

作者

sakusha — Author, creator, writer of a work

我々

wareware — We, us (formal or literary first-person plural)

現在

genzai — Present time, currently, now

持っ

mott(e) — To have, hold, possess (te-form stem)

いる

iru — To exist, to be (animate); auxiliary for ongoing action

よう

yō — Appearance, manner; seems like, in the way of

な

na — Adjectival noun linking particle (na-adjective form)

精通

seitsū — Thorough knowledge, expertise, being well-versed

おり

ori — To be (humble/literary form of いる)

その

sono — That (demonstrative adjective; refers to something mentioned)

真正性

shinshōsei — Authenticity, genuineness of a text or work

最も

mottomo — Most, extremely (superlative adverb)

疑わ

utagawa — Doubted, questioned (stem of 疑う, to doubt)

書物

shomotsu — Book, written work, volume, publication

作

saku — Work, production, authored by someone

認め

mitome — To acknowledge, recognize, admit (stem form)

られ

rare — Passive or potential auxiliary verb ending

同様

dōyō — Likewise, in the same way, similarly

自由

jiyū — Freedom, liberty; free, unrestricted

借用

shakuyō — Borrowing, using something borrowed from another

い

i — Conjunctive form of いる or adjective ending

いう

iu — To say, to call, to be called

読者

dokusha — Reader, reading audience of a text

心

kokoro — Heart, mind, spirit, feelings

しっかり

shikkari — Firmly, securely, properly, clearly

留め

tome — To keep in mind, note, fasten (stem form)

おか

oka — To keep, leave in a state (stem of おく)

なけれ

nakere — Must (conditional form of ない for obligation)

ば

ba — Conditional particle meaning if or unless

対し

taishi — Toward, with respect to, against (stem of 対する)

公平

kōhei — Fair, impartial, just, unbiased

接し

sesshi — To deal with, interact with, come into contact

は

wa — Topic marker particle highlighting the subject

ほとんど

hotondo — Almost, nearly, hardly (with negative: barely)

言え

ie — Can say, it can be said (potential form of 言う)

一方

ippō — On the other hand; one side or direction

先

saki — Previously, earlier, ahead, prior

言及

genkyū — Mention, reference to something in speech or writing

所蔵

shozō — In the collection of, owned and stored by

写本

shahon — Manuscript, handwritten copy of a text

自分

jibun — Oneself, myself, yourself (reflexive pronoun)

印

shirushi / in — Mark, sign, seal, indicator placed on something

つけ

tsuke — To attach, mark, put on (stem of つける)

多く

ōku — Many, much, a large number or amount

同一

dōitsu — Same, identical, one and the same

箇所

kasho — Place, passage, section, specific location in text

存在

sonzai — Existence, presence, being

する

suru — To do, to perform an action

常識

jōshiki — Common sense, general knowledge, conventional wisdom

導き出せる

michibikidaseru — Can derive, draw out, or deduce a conclusion

唯一

yuiitsu — Only, sole, unique, the one and only

結論

ketsuron — Conclusion, final judgment or decision

引き出そ

hikidaso — To draw out, extract, elicit (volitional stem)

う

u — Volitional ending meaning let's or intend to

国内

kokunai — Domestic, within the country, internal

および

oyobi — And, as well as (formal conjunction)

大陸

tairiku — Continent, mainland

において

ni oite — In, at, regarding (formal locative expression)

かなり

kanari — Considerably, fairly, quite, rather

名声

meisei — Fame, reputation, renown, celebrity

享受

kyōju — To enjoy, receive and appreciate (a benefit)

多数

tasū — Large number, many, majority

適切

tekisetsu — Appropriate, suitable, proper, fitting

価値

kachi — Value, worth, merit

割り当てる

wariateru — To assign, allocate, apportion to something

何ら

nanra — Any, whatever; (with negative) no, none at all

困難

konnan — Difficulty, hardship, trouble

見出さ

miidasa — To find, discover, identify (negative stem here)

だろ

daro — Probably, I suppose (informal conjecture form)

私

watashi — I, me (first-person singular pronoun)

信じる

shinjiru — To believe, trust, have faith in

さらに

sara ni — Furthermore, even more, additionally

これ

kore — This, this thing (near demonstrative pronoun)

より

yori — Than; from; by means of (comparative particle)

確保

kakuho — To secure, ensure, guarantee, obtain

利点

riten — Advantage, merit, benefit, strong point

謎

nazo — Mystery, puzzle, enigma, riddle

へ

e — Toward, to (directional particle)

過度

kado — Excessive, too much, extreme, immoderate

傾倒

keitō — Deep devotion, absorption, infatuation with something

発見

hakken — Discovery, finding, detection

それら

sorera — Those (plural demonstrative pronoun)

なくなる

nakunaru — To disappear, cease to exist, run out

気づく

kizuku — To notice, realize, become aware of