The Prince — Page 12

Vocabulary

concluye

concludes, finishes, or brings something to an end

su

his, her, its, or your (formal possessive adjective)

carta

letter, written communication sent to someone

a

to, at; preposition indicating direction or recipient

así

thus, so, in this way or manner

Y

and; conjunction connecting words or clauses

en

in, on, at; common Spanish preposition of location

cuanto

as much as, regarding; used in expressions like en cuanto

esta

this (feminine demonstrative adjective or pronoun)

pequeña

small, little; feminine adjective describing size

cosa

thing, object, or matter of any kind

libro

book, a written or printed literary work

cuando

when; conjunction or adverb of time

haya

has (present subjunctive of haber, auxiliary verb)

sido

been; past participle of ser used in compound tenses

leída

read (feminine past participle of leer)

se

reflexive or impersonal pronoun used in various constructions

verá

will see; future tense third person singular of ver

que

that, which, who; very common conjunction or pronoun

durante

during, throughout a period of time

los

the (masculine plural definite article)

quince

fifteen; the number 15

años

years; plural of año

he

I have; first person singular present of haber

dedicado

dedicated, devoted time or effort to something

al

to the; contraction of a and el

estudio

study, the act of learning or examining a subject

del

of the; contraction of de and el

arte

art, skill, or craft in a particular field

de

of, from; very common Spanish preposition

gobernar

to govern, to rule or manage a state or group

no

no, not; negation word in Spanish

dormido

slept, asleep; past participle of dormir

ni

nor, neither; negative conjunction linking alternatives

holgazaneado

loafed, been idle or lazy over a period of time

y

and; basic coordinating conjunction in Spanish

hombres

men, human beings; plural of hombre

siempre

always, at all times or on every occasion

deberían

should, ought to; conditional of deber

desear

to desire, to want or wish for something

ser

to be; fundamental Spanish verb of identity or essence

servidos

served, attended to; past participle of servir, plural

por

by, for, through; versatile Spanish preposition

alguien

someone, somebody; indefinite pronoun referring to a person

adquirido

acquired, gained; past participle of adquirir

experiencia

experience, knowledge gained through practice or events

costa

cost, expense; at the cost of (a costa de)

otros

others, other people or things; plural of otro

mi

my; first person singular possessive adjective

lealtad

loyalty, faithfulness to a person or cause

nadie

nobody, no one; indefinite negative pronoun

podría

could, would be able to; conditional of poder

dudar

to doubt, to question the truth or certainty of something

porque

because; conjunction explaining a reason or cause

habiendo

having; gerund of haber used in perfect participle phrases

guardado

kept, guarded; past participle of guardar

la

the (feminine singular definite article)

fe

faith, trust, or belief in something or someone

ahora

now, at this moment or present time

aprender

to learn, to acquire knowledge or a skill

quebrantarla

to break it (faith/law); infin. quebrantar with pronoun

pues

well, since, for; conjunction or filler word

quien

who, whoever; relative or interrogative pronoun

ha

has; third person singular present of haber

fiel

faithful, loyal, true to someone or something

honesto

honest, upright, truthful in character or behavior

como

as, like, how; comparison or manner conjunction

yo

I; first person singular subject pronoun

lo

it, him; direct object pronoun or neuter article

puede

can, is able to; third person singular of poder

cambiar

to change, to alter or become different

naturaleza

nature, inherent character or the natural world

pobreza

poverty, the state of being very poor

es

is; third person singular present indicative of ser

testigo

witness, one who observes or attests to something

honestidad

honesty, the quality of being truthful and sincere

Antes

before, previously; adverb or preposition of time

terminara

finished, would finish; past subjunctive of terminar

ocuparse

to occupy oneself, to deal with or take care of

comenzó

began, started; third person singular preterite of comenzar

Discurso

discourse, speech, or formal treatise on a subject

sobre

about, on, over; preposition indicating topic or position

Primera

first (feminine); ordinal number adjective

Década

decade, a group of ten books or a ten-year period

debería

should, ought to; conditional singular of deber

leerse

to be read; reflexive infinitive of leer

conjuntamente

jointly, together, in conjunction with something else

con

with; preposition indicating accompaniment or means

Estas

these (feminine plural demonstrative adjective or pronoun)

obras

works, literary or artistic productions; plural of obra

varios

various, several, a number of different things

trabajos

works, jobs, tasks; plural of trabajo

menores

lesser, minor, smaller; plural comparative of menor

ocuparon

occupied, kept busy; third person plural preterite of ocupar

hasta

until, up to; preposition of time or limit

el

the (masculine singular definite article)

año

year; unit of time equal to twelve months

aceptó

accepted, agreed to; third person singular preterite of aceptar

un

a, an; masculine singular indefinite article

pequeño

small, little; masculine adjective describing size

encargo

commission, assignment, or errand given to someone

para

for, in order to; preposition of purpose or destination

hacerse

to become, to make oneself; reflexive of hacer

cargo

charge, responsibility; hacerse cargo means to take charge

asuntos

matters, affairs, issues; plural of asunto

unos

some, a few; masculine plural indefinite article

comerciantes

merchants, traders; plural of comerciante

En

in, at; preposition used to indicate location or time

gobernantes

rulers, governors; those who hold political power

concedieron

granted, conceded; third person plural preterite of conceder

algunas

some, a few (feminine plural); indefinite adjective

concesiones

concessions, grants, compromises made to satisfy demands

políticas

political (feminine plural adjective); also politics

sus

their, his, her, your (plural possessive adjective)

ciudadanos

citizens, members of a city or state; plural noun

junto

together, next to, alongside; adverb or adjective

fue

was, went; third person singular preterite of ser/ir

consultado

consulted, asked for advice; past participle of consultar

nueva

new (feminine); adjective describing something recently made

constitución

constitution, fundamental law governing a state or organization

bajo

under, beneath; preposition or adjective meaning low

cual

which, that; relative pronoun used after prepositions

Gran

great, grand; adjective indicating importance or size

Consejo

council, advisory or governing body of representatives

debía

should, was supposed to; imperfect indicative of deber

restaurado

restored, brought back; past participle of restaurar

pero

but; coordinating conjunction indicating contrast

pretexto

pretext, excuse used to justify an action or decision

u

or; variant of o used before words beginning with o/ho

otro

other, another; adjective or pronoun indicating a different one

promulgada

promulgated, officially proclaimed or enacted into law