The Scarlet Letter — Page 14

Vocabulary

Quoi

kwa — What; used as interrogative or exclamatory pronoun

qu'

k — That; contraction of 'que' before vowel

il

il — He; third person singular masculine pronoun

en

ɑ̃ — In, of, as; versatile preposition or pronoun

soit

swa — Be; subjunctive form of 'être'

moi

mwa — Me, I; stressed first person singular pronoun

l'

l — The; contracted definite article before vowel

auteur

o.tœʁ — Author; person who writes books or texts

de

də — Of, from; very common French preposition

ces

se — These, those; plural demonstrative adjective

pages

paʒ — Pages; individual leaves of a written document

tant

tɑ̃ — So much, as long as; indicates degree or duration

que

kə — That, than, as; very common conjunction

leur

lœʁ — Their; third person plural possessive adjective

représentant

ʁə.pʁe.zɑ̃.tɑ̃ — Representative; person acting on behalf of others

je

ʒə — I; first person singular subject pronoun

prends

pʁɑ̃ — Take; first person singular of 'prendre'

ici

i.si — Here; referring to the present place or point

honte

ɔ̃t — Shame; feeling of disgrace or embarrassment

sur

syʁ — On, upon; common French preposition of position

même

mɛm — Same, even, self; used for emphasis or identity

nom

nɔ̃ — Name; word by which someone is identified

et

e — And; basic coordinating conjunction

prie

pʁi — Pray, request; first person singular of 'prier'

pour

puʁ — For, in order to; common French preposition

toute

tut — All, every, whole; feminine form of 'tout'

malédiction

ma.le.dik.sjɔ̃ — Curse; a wish that evil befall someone

ils

il — They; third person plural masculine subject pronoun

auraient

o.ʁɛ — Would have; conditional of 'avoir', third plural

attirée

a.ti.ʁe — Attracted, drawn; feminine past participle of 'attirer'

eux

ø — Them, they; stressed third person plural masculine pronoun

comme

kɔm — As, like; conjunction or preposition of comparison

ai

e — Have; first person singular present of 'avoir'

entendu

ɑ̃.tɑ̃.dy — Heard; past participle of 'entendre'

dire

diʁ — To say, tell; common French infinitive verb

la

la — The; feminine singular definite article

condition

kɔ̃.di.sjɔ̃ — Condition; state or circumstances of someone's life

morne

mɔʁn — Gloomy, dreary; describing a dull sad state

peu

pø — Little, few; indicating small amount or degree

prospère

pʁɔs.pɛʁ — Prosperous; thriving, successful, in good fortune

lignée

li.ɲe — Lineage; line of descent from a common ancestor

depuis

də.pɥi — Since, for; indicating a starting point in time

bien

bjɛ̃ — Well, very; adverb expressing quality or emphasis

des

de — Some, of the; partitive or plural article

longues

lɔ̃ɡ — Long; feminine plural adjective indicating great length

années

a.ne — Years; plural of 'année', a calendar year

semblerait

sɑ̃.blə.ʁɛ — Would seem; conditional of 'sembler', third singular

indiquer

ɛ̃.di.ke — To indicate, show; point out or suggest something

désormais

de.zɔʁ.mɛ — Henceforth, from now on; from this point forward

à

a — To, at, in; very common French preposition

jamais

ʒa.mɛ — Never, ever; referring to no time or all time

levée

lə.ve — Lifted, raised; feminine past participle of 'lever'

Sans

sɑ̃ — Without; preposition indicating absence of something

doute

dut — Doubt; uncertainty; 'sans doute' means probably

cependant

sə.pɑ̃.dɑ̃ — However, nevertheless; conjunction expressing contrast

un

œ̃ — A, an, one; masculine singular indefinite article

ou

u — Or; coordinating conjunction offering alternatives

autre

otʁ — Other, another; referring to a different one

austères

os.tɛʁ — Austere; severely strict, plain, or self-disciplined

Puritains

py.ʁi.tɛ̃ — Puritans; strict Protestant religious group, 16th–17th century

au

o — To the, at the; contracted masculine article form

sourcil

suʁ.si — Eyebrow; the ridge of hair above the eye

sombre

sɔ̃bʁ — Dark, gloomy; describing low light or somber mood

aurait

o.ʁɛ — Would have; conditional of 'avoir', third singular

estimé

ɛs.ti.me — Estimated, considered; past participle of 'estimer'

c'

s — It; contraction of 'ce' before 'est'

était

e.tɛ — Was; imperfect tense of 'être', third singular

là

la — There; adverb indicating a specific place or point

une

yn — A, an; feminine singular indefinite article

rétribution

ʁe.tʁi.by.sjɔ̃ — Retribution; punishment given in return for wrongdoing

suffisante

sy.fi.zɑ̃t — Sufficient; feminine adjective meaning enough or adequate

ses

se — His, her, its; third person singular possessive adjective

péchés

pe.ʃe — Sins; moral wrongdoings or transgressions against God

après

a.pʁɛ — After; preposition or adverb indicating sequence in time

si

si — So, such, if; used for condition or emphasis

longue

lɔ̃ɡ — Long; feminine adjective indicating great length or duration

suite

sɥit — Series, succession; a sequence of things following another

d'

d — Of, from; contracted form of 'de' before vowel

le

lə — The; masculine singular definite article

vieux

vjø — Old; masculine adjective describing great age

tronc

tʁɔ̃ — Trunk; main stem of a tree or family lineage

arbre

aʁbʁ — Tree; a large woody perennial plant

généalogique

ʒe.ne.a.lɔ.ʒik — Genealogical; relating to the study of family ancestry

couvert

ku.vɛʁ — Covered; past participle of 'couvrir', covered over

mousse

mus — Moss; soft green plant growing on rocks or trees

vénérable

ve.ne.ʁabl — Venerable; commanding respect through age or wisdom

ait

ɛ — Has; present subjunctive of 'avoir', third singular

porté

pɔʁ.te — Borne, carried; past participle of 'porter'

sa

sa — His, her, its; feminine singular possessive adjective

plus

ply — More, most; used to form comparatives and superlatives

haute

ot — High, tall; feminine adjective indicating great height

branche

bʁɑ̃ʃ — Branch; limb of a tree or division of a family

oisif

wa.zif — Idle, inactive; doing nothing, without useful occupation

tel

tɛl — Such, like; masculine adjective indicating a type or degree

Aucun

o.kœ̃ — No, none, not any; negative adjective or pronoun

but

by — Goal, aim; objective or purpose one pursues

j'

ʒ — I; contracted form of 'je' before vowel

aie

ɛ — Have; present subjunctive of 'avoir', first singular

chéri

ʃe.ʁi — Cherished, beloved; past participle of 'chérir'

ne

nə — Not; first part of French negation construction

reconnaîtraient

ʁə.kɔ.nɛtʁ.ɛ — Would recognize; conditional of 'reconnaître', third plural

louable

lu.abl — Praiseworthy; deserving of commendation or approval

aucun

o.kœ̃ — No, none; negative determiner indicating absence

succès

syk.sɛ — Success; favorable outcome or achievement of a goal

qui

ki — Who, which, that; relative or interrogative pronoun

mien

mjɛ̃ — Mine; masculine possessive pronoun, first person singular

ma

ma — My; feminine singular possessive adjective

vie

vi — Life; the state of being alive, one's existence

delà

də.la — Beyond; indicating the other side of something

sphère

sfɛʁ — Sphere; domain or realm of activity or influence

domestique

dɔ.mɛs.tik — Domestic; relating to the home or household

avait

a.vɛ — Had; imperfect tense of 'avoir', third singular

été

e.te — Been; past participle of 'être'

illuminée

i.ly.mi.ne — Illuminated, lit up; feminine past participle of 'illuminer'

par

paʁ — By, through, per; preposition indicating means or agent

jugeraient

ʒyʒ.ʁɛ — Would judge; conditional of 'juger', third plural

autrement

ot.ʁə.mɑ̃ — Otherwise, differently; in another manner or way

sans

sɑ̃ — Without; preposition indicating absence of something

valeur

va.lœʁ — Value, worth; the quality of being useful or important

pas

pa — Not; used in negation with 'ne' in French

franchement

fʁɑ̃ʃ.mɑ̃ — Frankly, honestly; speaking openly and straightforwardly

honteux

ɔ̃.tø — Shameful, disgraceful; causing or feeling shame

Qu'

k — What; contraction of 'que' used in exclamations

est

ɛ — Is; third person singular present of 'être'

donc

dɔ̃k — So, therefore, then; conjunction indicating consequence

murmure

myʁ.myʁ — Murmur; soft low continuous sound or voice

grises

ɡʁiz — Gray; feminine plural adjective describing gray color

ombres

ɔ̃bʁ — Shadows, shades; darkness or ghost-like presences

mes

me — My; plural possessive adjective, first person singular

ancêtres

ɑ̃.sɛtʁ — Ancestors; people from whom one is descended

Un

œ̃ — A, an, one; masculine indefinite article

écrivain

e.kʁi.vɛ̃ — Writer; person who writes books or other texts

livres

livʁ — Books; written or printed works bound together

histoires

is.twaʁ — Stories, histories; accounts of events real or imagined

Quelle

kɛl — What, which; feminine interrogative or exclamatory adjective

sorte

sɔʁt — Sort, kind; type or category of something

occupation

ɔ.ky.pa.sjɔ̃ — Occupation; activity that occupies one's time regularly

dans

dɑ̃ — In, inside, within; common French preposition of location

quelle

kɛl — What, which; feminine interrogative adjective

manière

ma.njɛʁ — Manner, way; a method or mode of doing something

glorifier

ɡlɔ.ʁi.fje — To glorify; to praise or honor someone highly

Dieu

djø — God; the supreme being in monotheistic religions

être

ɛtʁ — To be; fundamental French linking or auxiliary verb

utile

y.til — Useful; capable of being put to good use

humanité

y.ma.ni.te — Humanity; the human race or the quality of compassion

son

sɔ̃ — His, her, its; masculine singular possessive adjective

temps

tɑ̃ — Time; the indefinite continued progress of existence

génération

ʒe.ne.ʁa.sjɔ̃ — Generation; all people born around the same time

cela

sə.la — That, it; demonstrative pronoun referring to something

peut

pø — Can, may; third person singular of 'pouvoir'

Ma

ma — My; feminine singular first person possessive adjective

foi

fwa — Faith, word; trust or religious belief; 'ma foi' means indeed

ce

sə — This, that; demonstrative adjective or pronoun

dégénéré

de.ʒe.ne.ʁe — Degenerate; one who has declined from ancestral standards

tout

tu — All, every, quite; adverb or adjective of totality

aussi

o.si — Also, too, as; expressing addition or comparison

pu

py — Been able; past participle of 'pouvoir'

Tels

tɛl — Such; masculine plural demonstrative adjective

sont

sɔ̃ — Are; third person plural present of 'être'

les

le — The; plural definite article for masculine and feminine

compliments

kɔ̃.pli.mɑ̃ — Compliments; expressions of praise or admiration

échangés

e.ʃɑ̃.ʒe — Exchanged; past participle of 'échanger', mutually shared

entre

ɑ̃tʁ — Between, among; preposition indicating position or relation

aïeux

a.jø — Forebears; ancestors, forefathers of previous generations

travers

tʁa.vɛʁ — Through, across; 'à travers' means through or across

abîme

a.bim — Abyss; a deep or seemingly bottomless chasm

du

dy — Of the, some; contracted masculine definite article

Et

e — And; basic coordinating conjunction

pourtant

puʁ.tɑ̃ — Yet, nevertheless; conjunction expressing contrast or surprise

me

mə — Me; first person singular object pronoun

méprisent

me.pʁiz — Despise; third person plural of 'mépriser'

voudront

vu.dʁɔ̃ — Will want; future tense of 'vouloir', third plural

puissants

pɥi.sɑ̃ — Powerful, mighty; masculine plural adjective of strength

traits

tʁɛ — Traits, features; characteristic qualities or facial features

nature

na.tyʁ — Nature; inherent character or the natural world

se

sə — Oneself; reflexive pronoun for third person

entrelacés

ɑ̃.tʁə.la.se — Intertwined, interlaced; woven or linked closely together

avec

a.vɛk — With; preposition indicating accompaniment or association