The Social Cancer: A Complete English Version of Noli Me Tangere — Page 4

Vocabulary

No

Negation word meaning 'no' or 'not'

había

Past tense of 'haber'; there was/were

un

Indefinite article meaning 'a' or 'an'

sacerdocio

Priesthood; the office or role of a priest

organizado

Organized; structured and systematically arranged

que

Relative pronoun or conjunction meaning 'that' or 'which'

superar

To overcome, surpass, or go beyond something

ya

Already; now; used as an intensifier or connector

las

Definite article plural feminine meaning 'the'

prácticas

Practices; habitual customs or religious observances

religiosas

Religious; relating to religion or spiritual belief

primitivas

Primitive; early, simple, or undeveloped in nature

consistían

Consisted of; were made up of certain elements

casi

Almost; nearly but not completely or entirely

en

Preposition meaning 'in,' 'on,' or 'at'

su

Possessive pronoun meaning 'his,' 'her,' or 'their'

totalidad

Totality; the whole or entire amount of something

orgías

Orgies; unrestrained ceremonial or indulgent gatherings

ocasionales

Occasional; happening sometimes but not regularly

presididas

Presided over; led or directed by someone in authority

por

Preposition meaning 'by,' 'for,' or 'through'

una

Indefinite article feminine meaning 'a' or 'an'

anciana

Elderly woman; an old woman in a community

quien

Relative pronoun meaning 'who' referring to a person

desempeñaba

Performed or carried out a role or function

funciones

Functions; roles or duties carried out by someone

sacerdotales

Priestly; relating to the duties of a priest

de

Preposition meaning 'of,' 'from,' or 'about'

intérprete

Interpreter; one who mediates between parties or forces

los

Definite article plural masculine meaning 'the'

poderes

Powers; supernatural or political forces and authorities

invisibles

Invisible; unseen forces or supernatural spiritual powers

y

Conjunction meaning 'and' connecting words or clauses

principal

Principal; main or most important person or thing

comensala

Female fellow diner; one who shares a meal together

el

Definite article masculine singular meaning 'the'

festín

Feast; a large elaborate celebratory meal or banquet

sacrificial

Sacrificial; relating to a ritual offering or sacrifice

Con

Preposition meaning 'with,' indicating accompaniment or means

infatigable

Tireless; never showing signs of fatigue or exhaustion

celo

Zeal; great enthusiasm and dedication toward a cause

organización

Organization; structured arrangement of people or activities

sus

Possessive pronoun plural meaning 'his,' 'her,' or 'their'

elaboradas

Elaborate; highly detailed and carefully developed forms

formas

Forms; shapes or structured ways of doing something

ceremonias

Ceremonies; formal rituals or observances for special occasions

misioneros

Missionaries; people sent to spread religious beliefs abroad

lograron

Managed to; succeeded in achieving a particular goal

ganarse

To earn or win for oneself, as trust or respect

la

Definite article feminine singular meaning 'the'

confianza

Confidence; trust or faith placed in someone

nativos

Natives; people originally from a particular place

especialmente

Especially; particularly or to a notable degree

porque

Because; conjunction introducing a reason or cause

mayor

Greater or larger; used to indicate higher degree

parte

Part; a portion or section of a larger whole

ellos

Personal pronoun meaning 'they' referring to males or mixed group

aprendió

Learned; acquired knowledge or skill through study

lengua

Language; a tongue or system of communication used locally

local

Local; belonging to or characteristic of a particular place

e

Conjunction 'and' used before words beginning with 'i' or 'hi'

identificó

Identified; aligned or associated oneself closely with others

vida

Life; the existence and daily living of a person

comunidades

Communities; groups of people living together in a place

bajo

Under; beneath or in the care of someone's authority

cuidado

Care; attention and protection given to people or things

En

Preposition meaning 'in,' 'on,' or 'at' a place

consecuencia

Consequence; a result or outcome of previous actions

pueblo

People or town; a community or group of inhabitants

acogió

Welcomed; received or accepted someone in a friendly way

favorablemente

Favorably; in a positive or approving manner

a

Preposition meaning 'to,' 'at,' or personal 'a'

nuevos

New; recently arrived or not previously known

maestros

Teachers or masters; those who instruct or lead others

gobernantes

Rulers or governing leaders; those who hold political power

modo

Way or manner; a particular method of doing something

menos

Less; fewer or a smaller degree of something

generación

Generation; a group of people born around the same time

autoridad

Authority; the power or right to give commands

española

Spanish; relating to Spain or its people and culture

fue

Was; third person singular past tense of 'ser'

generalmente

Generally; in most cases or as a general rule

reconocida

Recognized; acknowledged or accepted as legitimate

partes

Parts; sections or regions of a larger area

pobladas

Populated; inhabited by people in significant numbers

años

Years; units of time equal to twelve months

siguientes

Following; the ones that come next in sequence

fueron

Were; third person plural past tense of 'ser' or 'ir'

extendiendo

Extending; gradually spreading or expanding into new areas

gradualmente

Gradually; slowly and progressively over a period of time

esta

Demonstrative adjective meaning 'this' for feminine nouns

área

Area; a region or zone defined by certain boundaries

mediante

By means of; through the use of a particular method

formación

Formation; the process of creating or establishing something

asentamientos

Settlements; communities established in a new location

entre

Between or among; in the middle of multiple things

pueblos

Towns or peoples; communities or ethnic groups

más

More; a greater quantity or degree of something

salvajes

Savage or wild; uncivilized or fierce people or animals

quienes

Whom or who; plural relative pronoun referring to people

persuadieron

Persuaded; convinced others to change behavior or beliefs

abandonar

To abandon; to leave behind or give up something

aspectos

Aspects; particular features or sides of something

censurables

Censurable; deserving criticism or moral condemnation

antigua

Ancient or old; belonging to an earlier time or era

errante

Wandering; moving from place to place without fixed home

frecuentemente

Frequently; happening often or at short intervals

depredadora

Predatory; inclined to exploit or plunder others aggressively

agruparse

To group together; to gather and form a community

aldeas

Villages; small rural communities or settlements

campana

Bell; a hollow metal instrument that produces ringing sound