Traditions of the Tinguian: a Study in Philippine Folk-Lore — Page 4
Chicago, January, 1915.
Chicago, enero de 1915.
Traditions of the Tinguian: A Study in Philippine Folk-Lore
Tradiciones de los Tinguian: Un estudio sobre el folclore filipino
Introduction
Introducción
For the purposes of our study, the tales have been roughly divided into three parts.
A los efectos de nuestro estudio, los relatos han sido divididos aproximadamente en tres partes.
The first, which deals with the mythical period, contains thirty-one tales of similar type in which the characters are for the most part the same, although the last five tales do not properly fit into the cycle, and the concluding story of Indayo is evidently a recent account told in the form of the older relations.
El primero, que trata del período mítico, contiene treinta y un relatos de tipo similar en los que los personajes son en su mayor parte los mismos, aunque los últimos cinco relatos no encajan propiamente en el ciclo, y la historia final de Indayo es evidentemente un relato reciente narrado en la forma de las relaciones más antiguas.
In the second division are the ritualistic and explanatory myths, the object of which seems to be to account for the origin of or way of conducting various ceremonies; for the belief in certain spirits and sacred objects; for the existence of the sun, moon, and other natural phenomena; for the attainment of fire, food plants, birds and domestic animals, as well as of magical jars and beads.
En la segunda división se encuentran los mitos ritualistas y explicativos, cuyo propósito parece ser dar cuenta del origen o de la manera de llevar a cabo diversas ceremonias; de la creencia en ciertos espíritus y objetos sagrados; de la existencia del sol, la luna y otros fenómenos naturales; de la obtención del fuego, las plantas alimenticias, las aves y los animales domésticos, así como de jarras y cuentas mágicas.
Here it should be noted that some of the most common and important beliefs and ceremonies are, so far as is known, unaccompanied by any tales, yet are known to all the population, and are preserved almost without change from generation to generation.
Aquí cabe señalar que algunas de las creencias y ceremonias más comunes e importantes no están acompañadas, hasta donde se sabe, de ningún relato, pero son conocidas por toda la población y se conservan casi sin cambios de generación en generación.
Division three contains the ordinary stories with which parents amuse their children or with which men and women while away the midday hours as they lounge in the field houses, or when they stop on the trail to rest and smoke.
La tercera división contiene los relatos ordinarios con los que los padres entretienen a sus hijos o con los que hombres y mujeres pasan las horas del mediodía mientras descansan en las casas de campo, o cuando se detienen en el camino para descansar y fumar.
Vocabulary
- enero
- First month of the year; January.
- de
- Preposition meaning 'of' or 'from'.
- Tradiciones
- Customs or practices passed down through generations.
- los
- Masculine plural definite article meaning 'the'.
- Un
- Indefinite article meaning 'a' or 'an'.
- estudio
- Detailed examination or analysis of a subject.
- sobre
- Preposition meaning 'about' or 'on top of'.
- el
- Masculine singular definite article meaning 'the'.
- folclore
- Traditional stories, customs, and beliefs of a community.
- filipino
- Relating to the Philippines or its people.
- Introducción
- Opening section presenting the main topic of a work.
- A
- Preposition meaning 'to' or 'at'.
- efectos
- Results or purposes; here meaning 'for the purposes of'.
- nuestro
- Possessive adjective meaning 'our'.
- relatos
- Narrative accounts or short stories told orally or written.
- han
- Third person plural auxiliary verb 'have' (haber).
- sido
- Past participle of 'ser,' meaning 'been'.
- divididos
- Split or separated into distinct parts or groups.
- aproximadamente
- Roughly; not exactly but close to a given value.
- en
- Preposition meaning 'in,' 'on,' or 'at'.
- tres
- The number three.
- partes
- Sections or portions of a whole.
- El
- Masculine singular definite article meaning 'the'.
- primero
- First in order or position among several things.
- que
- Relative pronoun or conjunction meaning 'that' or 'which'.
- trata
- Deals with or addresses a particular subject matter.
- del
- Contraction of 'de' and 'el,' meaning 'of the'.
- período
- Span of time with specific characteristics or events.
- mítico
- Relating to myths or legendary, often supernatural, stories.
- contiene
- Holds or includes something within a larger whole.
- treinta
- The number thirty.
- y
- Conjunction meaning 'and.'
- un
- Indefinite article meaning 'a' or 'one'.
- tipo
- Type or kind; a category of something.
- similar
- Alike in appearance, nature, or characteristics.
- personajes
- Characters appearing in a story or narrative.
- son
- Third person plural of 'ser'; 'they are'.
- su
- Possessive adjective meaning 'his,' 'her,' or 'their'.
- mayor
- Greater or larger; also can mean 'older'.
- parte
- A portion or section of a larger whole.
- mismos
- The same ones; used for emphasis or identity.
- aunque
- Conjunction meaning 'although' or 'even though'.
- últimos
- The last ones; most recent in a series.
- cinco
- The number five.
- no
- Negation word meaning 'no' or 'not'.
- encajan
- Fit or belong properly within a category or group.
- propiamente
- Properly or strictly speaking; in the correct sense.
- ciclo
- A series of events that repeat in a regular pattern.
- la
- Feminine singular definite article meaning 'the'.
- historia
- Story or history; a narrative of past events.
- final
- Last in a sequence; occurring at the end.
- es
- Third person singular of 'ser'; 'it is' or 'he/she is'.
- evidentemente
- Obviously or clearly; in an evident manner.
- relato
- A narrative account or story told or written down.
- reciente
- Recent; having occurred or been created not long ago.
- narrado
- Told or recounted in narrative form by someone.
- forma
- Form or manner; the way something is done.
- las
- Feminine plural definite article meaning 'the'.
- relaciones
- Accounts or relations; connections between things or people.
- más
- More; used for comparison or degree.
- antiguas
- Old or ancient; existing since a long time ago.
- En
- Preposition meaning 'in' or 'within a place or time'.
- segunda
- Feminine form of 'second' in an ordered sequence.
- división
- A section created by dividing a larger whole.
- se
- Reflexive pronoun used with reflexive or passive constructions.
- encuentran
- Are found or encountered in a particular place.
- mitos
- Myths; traditional stories explaining natural or cultural phenomena.
- ritualistas
- Relating to or involving rituals and ceremonial practices.
- explicativos
- Serving to explain or clarify something in detail.
- cuyo
- Relative possessive pronoun meaning 'whose' or 'of which'.
- propósito
- Purpose or intention behind an action or work.
- parece
- Appears or seems to be something based on evidence.
- ser
- Infinitive of 'to be'; fundamental Spanish verb.
- dar
- To give; to provide something to someone.
- cuenta
- Account or explanation; also means 'bill' or 'count'.
- origen
- Origin; the beginning or source of something.
- o
- Conjunction meaning 'or'; presents an alternative option.
- manera
- Way or manner of doing something.
- llevar
- To carry or to take; also 'to carry out'.
- a
- Preposition meaning 'to' or 'at'.
- cabo
- End or tip; in 'llevar a cabo' means 'to carry out'.
- diversas
- Various or diverse; of different kinds or types.
- ceremonias
- Formal events or rituals marking important occasions.
- creencia
- Belief; something accepted as true by a person.
- ciertos
- Certain or specific; referring to particular unspecified things.
- espíritus
- Spirits; supernatural beings or souls without physical bodies.
- objetos
- Objects; physical things that can be seen or touched.
- sagrados
- Sacred or holy; deserving deep respect and reverence.
- existencia
- Existence; the state of being real or present.
- sol
- The sun; the star at the center of our solar system.
- luna
- The moon; Earth's natural satellite visible at night.
- otros
- Others; additional or different things or people.
- fenómenos
- Phenomena; observable events or facts in the natural world.
- naturales
- Natural; occurring in nature without human intervention.
- obtención
- The act of obtaining or acquiring something.
- fuego
- Fire; the result of combustion producing heat and light.
- plantas
- Plants; living organisms that typically grow in soil.
- alimenticias
- Relating to food or nourishment; edible in nature.
- aves
- Birds; warm-blooded animals with feathers and wings.
- animales
- Animals; living organisms capable of movement and sensation.
- domésticos
- Domestic; tamed animals kept by humans at home.
- así
- Thus or so; in this way or manner.
- como
- As or like; used for comparison or manner.
- jarras
- Jars or pitchers; containers used to hold liquids.
- cuentas
- Beads; small decorative objects strung together.
- mágicas
- Magical; having supernatural or enchanted properties.
- Aquí
- Here; in this place or at this point.
- cabe
- It is fitting or appropriate; there is room for.
- señalar
- To point out or indicate something of importance.
- algunas
- Some; an unspecified number of feminine plural things.
- creencias
- Beliefs; things accepted as true within a community.
- comunes
- Common; shared widely among a group of people.
- e
- Conjunction 'and' used before words starting with 'i' or 'hi'.
- importantes
- Important; of great significance or value.
- están
- Third person plural of 'estar'; 'they are' (state/location).
- acompañadas
- Accompanied; joined or paired with something else.
- hasta
- Until or up to; indicates a limit in time or space.
- donde
- Where; referring to a place or location.
- sabe
- Knows; third person singular of 'saber'.
- ningún
- No or none; not any particular thing or person.
- pero
- But; conjunction introducing a contrast or exception.
- conocidas
- Known or familiar; recognized by a group of people.
- por
- By or for; multipurpose preposition indicating agent or cause.
- toda
- All or entire; referring to the whole of something.
- población
- Population; all the people living in a particular area.
- conservan
- They preserve or maintain something in its original state.
- casi
- Almost or nearly; very close to but not completely.
- sin
- Without; lacking or not having something.
- cambios
- Changes; alterations or modifications to something existing.
- generación
- Generation; people born and living at the same time.
- La
- Feminine singular definite article meaning 'the'.
- tercera
- Third; feminine form of the ordinal number three.
- ordinarios
- Ordinary; common or usual, not special or remarkable.
- con
- Preposition meaning 'with'; indicating accompaniment or means.
- padres
- Parents; a father and mother of a child.
- entretienen
- Entertain or amuse; keep someone engaged and interested.
- sus
- Possessive adjective meaning 'his,' 'her,' 'their,' or 'your'.
- hijos
- Children or sons; offspring of a parent.
- hombres
- Men; adult male human beings.
- mujeres
- Women; adult female human beings.
- pasan
- They spend or pass time doing something.
- horas
- Hours; units of time equal to sixty minutes.
- mediodía
- Midday or noon; the middle of the day.
- mientras
- While; during the time that something else happens.
- descansan
- They rest; take a break from activity or work.
- casas
- Houses; buildings where people live.
- campo
- Countryside or field; rural open land outside cities.
- cuando
- When; at the time that something occurs.
- detienen
- They stop or halt movement along a path or road.
- camino
- Road or path; a route used for traveling somewhere.
- para
- For or in order to; indicates purpose or destination.
- descansar
- To rest; to stop activity and recover energy.
- fumar
- To smoke; to inhale and exhale tobacco smoke.
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