A Tale of Two Cities — Page 8

Vocabulary

qui

Relative or interrogative pronoun meaning 'who' or 'that'.

pendant

Preposition meaning 'during' or 'while' in time expressions.

tout

Adjective or pronoun meaning 'all,' 'whole,' or 'every.'

ce

Demonstrative adjective or pronoun meaning 'this' or 'that.'

temps

Noun meaning 'time' or 'weather' depending on context.

avait

Third-person singular imperfect of 'avoir,' meaning 'had.'

été

Past participle of 'être,' meaning 'been'; also means 'summer.'

en

Preposition meaning 'in,' 'on,' or 'by' depending on context.

train

Noun meaning 'train'; in 'en train de' means 'in the process of.'

de

Preposition meaning 'of,' 'from,' or 'about.'

s'

Reflexive pronoun 'se' elided before a vowel sound.

habiller

Verb meaning 'to dress' or 'to get dressed' (reflexive).

si

Conjunction meaning 'if'; adverb meaning 'so' or 'yes.'

je

First-person singular subject pronoun meaning 'I.'

n'

Negative particle 'ne' elided, used with 'pas' to negate verbs.

ai

First-person singular present of 'avoir,' meaning 'have.'

pas

Negative adverb used with 'ne' to mean 'not.'

avec

Preposition meaning 'with.'

la

Definite feminine article meaning 'the.'

piété

Noun meaning 'piety,' 'devotion,' or 'religious reverence.'

et

Conjunction meaning 'and.'

une

Indefinite feminine article meaning 'a' or 'an.'

chose

Noun meaning 'thing' or 'matter.'

fichue

Adjective meaning 'blasted,' 'dreadful,' or 'wretched' (colloquial).

autre

Adjective or pronoun meaning 'other' or 'another.'

roulé

Past participle of 'rouler'; colloquially means 'cheated' or 'rolled.'

cette

Demonstrative feminine adjective meaning 'this' or 'that.'

dernière

Adjective meaning 'last' or 'most recent.'

semaine

Noun meaning 'week.'

dans

Preposition meaning 'in,' 'into,' or 'within.'

aussi

Adverb meaning 'also,' 'too,' or 'as' in comparisons.

mauvaise

Feminine adjective meaning 'bad,' 'poor,' or 'wrong.'

chance

Noun meaning 'luck' or 'chance.'

que

Conjunction or pronoun meaning 'that,' 'which,' or 'than.'

celle

Demonstrative pronoun meaning 'the one' (feminine singular).

qu'

Elided form of 'que,' used before a vowel.

un

Indefinite masculine article meaning 'a' or 'an.'

pauvre

Adjective meaning 'poor,' 'unfortunate,' or 'wretched.'

diable

Noun meaning 'devil'; used colloquially to express strong feeling.

d'

Elided preposition 'de,' meaning 'of' or 'from.'

honnête

Adjective meaning 'honest,' 'upright,' or 'decent.'

commerçant

Noun meaning 'merchant,' 'tradesman,' or 'shopkeeper.'

ait

Third-person singular present subjunctive of 'avoir,' meaning 'has.'

jamais

Adverb meaning 'never' (with negation) or 'ever.'

rencontrée

Past participle of 'rencontrer,' meaning 'met' or 'encountered.'

Jeune

Adjective meaning 'young.'

habille-toi

Reflexive imperative meaning 'get dressed' (second person singular).

mon

Possessive adjective meaning 'my' (masculine singular).

garçon

Noun meaning 'boy,' 'lad,' or 'waiter.'

nettoie

Imperative of 'nettoyer,' meaning 'clean' or 'wipe.'

mes

Possessive adjective meaning 'my' (plural).

bottes

Noun meaning 'boots' (footwear).

surveille

Imperative of 'surveiller,' meaning 'watch' or 'keep an eye on.'

ta

Possessive adjective meaning 'your' (feminine singular, informal).

mère

Noun meaning 'mother.'

tu

Second-person singular informal subject pronoun meaning 'you.'

vois

Second-person singular present of 'voir,' meaning 'see.'

le

Definite masculine article or direct object pronoun meaning 'the' or 'it.'

moindre

Adjective meaning 'least,' 'slightest,' or 'smallest.'

signe

Noun meaning 'sign,' 'signal,' or 'gesture.'

nouvelles

Noun meaning 'news' or 'short stories'; adjective 'new' (feminine plural).

génuflexions

Noun meaning 'genuflections,' acts of kneeling in reverence.

appelle-moi

Imperative phrase meaning 'call me.'

Car

Conjunction meaning 'for' or 'because' (literary/formal).

te

Second-person singular indirect or direct object pronoun meaning 'you.'

dis

First-person singular present of 'dire,' meaning 'tell' or 'say.'

adressant

Present participle of 's'adresser,' meaning 'addressing' or 'turning to.'

nouveau

Adjective meaning 'new'; in 'de nouveau' means 'again.'

à

Preposition meaning 'to,' 'at,' or 'in.'

sa

Possessive adjective meaning 'his,' 'her,' or 'its' (feminine singular).

femme

Noun meaning 'woman' or 'wife.'

ne

Negative particle used with 'pas' or alone to negate a verb.

serai

First-person singular future of 'être,' meaning 'will be.'

plus

Adverb meaning 'more,' 'no longer' (with negation), or 'plus.'

cet

Masculine demonstrative adjective before vowel, meaning 'this' or 'that.'

état

Noun meaning 'state,' 'condition,' or 'status.'

sorte

Noun meaning 'sort,' 'kind,' or 'type.'

Je

First-person singular subject pronoun meaning 'I.'

suis

First-person singular present of 'être,' meaning 'am.'

branlant

Adjective meaning 'shaky,' 'rickety,' or 'unsteady.'

fiacre

Noun meaning 'hackney carriage,' a horse-drawn cab for hire.

j'

Elided form of 'je' (I) used before a vowel.

autant

Adverb meaning 'as much,' 'as many,' or 'just as.'

sommeil

Noun meaning 'sleep' or 'sleepiness.'

avais

First-person singular imperfect of 'avoir,' meaning 'had.'

pris

Past participle of 'prendre,' meaning 'taken.'

du

Contracted article meaning 'of the' or partitive article 'some.'

laudanum

Noun meaning 'laudanum,' an opium-based tincture used historically as sedative.

nerfs

Noun meaning 'nerves' (plural of 'nerf').

sont

Third-person plural present of 'être,' meaning 'are.'

tendus

Adjective meaning 'tense,' 'taut,' or 'strained.'

tel

Adjective meaning 'such' or 'such a.'

point

Noun meaning 'point'; in 'à tel point' means 'to such an extent.'

saurais

First-person singular conditional of 'savoir,' meaning 'could' or 'would know.'

sans

Preposition meaning 'without.'

douleur

Noun meaning 'pain,' 'ache,' or 'sorrow.'

y

Pronoun meaning 'there' or replacing an indirect object with 'à.'

ressens

First-person singular present of 'ressentir,' meaning 'feel' or 'experience.'

est

Third-person singular present of 'être,' meaning 'is.'

moi

Stressed first-person pronoun meaning 'me' or 'I' (emphatic).

quelqu'

Elided form of 'quelque,' part of 'quelqu'un' meaning 'someone.'

pourtant

Adverb meaning 'however,' 'yet,' or 'nevertheless.'

mieux

Adverb or adjective meaning 'better.'

ma

Possessive adjective meaning 'my' (feminine singular).

poche

Noun meaning 'pocket.'

soupçonne

First-person singular present of 'soupçonner,' meaning 'suspect.'

t'

Elided form of 'te,' second-person singular object pronoun.

es

Second-person singular present of 'être,' meaning 'are.'

employée

Past participle or noun meaning 'employed' or 'female employee.'

matin

Noun meaning 'morning.'

au

Contracted article 'à le,' meaning 'to the' or 'at the.'

soir

Noun meaning 'evening.'

pour

Preposition meaning 'for,' 'in order to,' or 'to.'

m'

Elided form of 'me,' first-person singular object pronoun.

empêcher

Verb meaning 'to prevent,' 'to stop,' or 'to hinder.'

être

Infinitive verb meaning 'to be.'

supporterai

First-person singular future of 'supporter,' meaning 'will tolerate.'

Aggravatrice

Noun meaning 'aggravator' (feminine); one who worsens a situation.

est-ce

Interrogative phrase meaning 'is it' used in questions.

as

Second-person singular present of 'avoir,' meaning 'have.'

dire

Infinitive meaning 'to say' or 'to tell.'

maintenant

Adverb meaning 'now.'

Grognant

Present participle of 'grogner,' meaning 'grumbling' or 'growling.'

des

Partitive or plural indefinite article meaning 'some' or 'of the.'

phrases

Noun meaning 'sentences,' 'phrases,' or 'utterances.'

telles

Feminine plural adjective meaning 'such' or 'like.'

Ah

Exclamation expressing surprise, realization, or emotion.

oui

Adverb meaning 'yes.'

Vous

Second-person plural or formal pronoun meaning 'you.'

êtes

Second-person plural present of 'être,' meaning 'are.'

religieuse

Noun or adjective meaning 'nun' or 'religious' (feminine).

vous

Second-person plural pronoun meaning 'you' (object or reflexive).

mettriez

Second-person plural conditional of 'mettre,' meaning 'would put.'

opposition

Noun meaning 'opposition,' 'resistance,' or 'contrast.'

les

Definite plural article or object pronoun meaning 'the' or 'them.'

intérêts

Noun meaning 'interests' (plural), financial or personal concerns.

votre

Possessive adjective meaning 'your' (formal or plural).

mari

Noun meaning 'husband.'

enfant

Noun meaning 'child.'

Certainement

Adverb meaning 'certainly' or 'of course.'

lançant

Present participle of 'lancer,' meaning 'throwing' or 'launching.'

autres

Adjective or pronoun meaning 'other' or 'others' (plural).

étincelles

Noun meaning 'sparks' (plural of 'étincelle').

sarcastiques

Adjective meaning 'sarcastic' (plural form).

meule

Noun meaning 'millstone' or 'grindstone.'

tournoyante

Adjective meaning 'whirling,' 'spinning,' or 'revolving' (feminine).

son

Possessive adjective meaning 'his,' 'her,' or 'its' (masculine singular).

indignation

Noun meaning 'indignation' or 'righteous anger.'

M.

Abbreviation for 'Monsieur,' meaning 'Mr.' or 'sir.'

attela

Past tense of 'atteler,' meaning 'harnessed' or 'set to work.'

nettoyage

Noun meaning 'cleaning' or 'cleansing.'

ses

Possessive adjective meaning 'his,' 'her,' or 'its' (plural).

préparatifs

Noun meaning 'preparations' or 'arrangements' (plural).

généraux

Adjective meaning 'general' (masculine plural); also noun 'generals.'

affaires

Noun meaning 'affairs,' 'business,' or 'belongings.'