A Tale of Two Cities — Page 2

Vocabulary

の

no — Possessive or nominalizing particle.

幽霊

yūrei — Ghost or spirit of a deceased person.

で

de — Particle indicating location, means, or cause.

さえ

sae — Even; particle emphasizing an extreme or unexpected case.

その

sono — That; demonstrative adjective referring to nearby thing.

メッセージ

messēji — Message; a communication conveyed to someone.

を

wo — Object-marking particle indicating direct object.

叩き出して

tatakidashite — Knocked out or produced by striking; tapping out.

から

kara — From; since; because — particle of origin or reason.

まるまる

marumaru — Fully; entirely; a whole amount without shortage.

十二年

jūni nen — Twelve years; a span of twelve calendar years.

しか

shika — Only; nothing but — used with negative verb.

経っていなかった

tatte inakatta — Had not yet passed; elapsed time was insufficient.

ちょうど

chōdo — Exactly; just; precisely at that moment or amount.

つい

tsui — Just recently; inadvertently; only a short time ago.

昨年

sakunen — Last year; the calendar year before the current one.

霊

rei — Spirit; soul; supernatural spiritual entity.

たち

tachi — Plural suffix for people or animate beings.

独創性

dokusōsei — Originality; quality of being creative and inventive.

が

ga — Subject-marking particle; also marks contrast or emphasis.

超自然的

chōshizenteki — Supernatural; beyond the scope of natural laws.

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, location, time, or manner.

欠如

ketsujo — Lack; deficiency; absence of something necessary.

していた

shite ita — Was doing; past progressive form of suru.

自分たち

jibuntachi — Ourselves; themselves; first-person plural reflexive pronoun.

叩き出した

tatakidashita — Knocked out; drove out forcibly; expelled by striking.

よう

yō — Like; as if; in the manner of; resemblance.

世俗的

sezokuteki — Worldly; secular; pertaining to ordinary temporal affairs.

な

na — Adjectival linking particle for na-adjectives.

出来事

dekigoto — Event; happening; an occurrence or incident.

秩序

chitsujo — Order; system; organized arrangement of things.

における

ni okeru — In; within; regarding — formal locative expression.

単なる

tan naru — Mere; simple; nothing more than.

アメリカ

Amerika — America; the United States of America.

英国

Eikoku — Britain; the United Kingdom of Great Britain.

臣民

shinmin — Subject; citizen under a monarch's rule.

会議

kaigi — Meeting; conference; assembly for discussion.

最近

saikin — Recently; lately; in the near past.

イギリス

Igirisu — England; Britain; the United Kingdom.

王室

ōshitsu — Royal family; the reigning monarch's household.

と

to — And; with; quotation particle connecting nouns or clauses.

国民

kokumin — Citizens; nationals; the people of a country.

もと

moto — Under; based on; beneath the authority of.

届いた

todoita — Arrived; reached; was delivered to someone.

それ

sore — That; it — pronoun referring to something nearby.

は

wa — Topic-marking particle indicating the sentence topic.

不思議

fushigi — Mysterious; strange; wonderful and hard to explain.

こと

koto — Thing; fact; nominalizer turning verb phrases into nouns.

一族

ichizoku — Clan; family; a group of related people.

いかなる

ikanaru — Any; whatever; whichever — formal interrogative adjective.

雛鳥

hinatori — Chick; baby bird; a newly hatched young bird.

通じて

tsūjite — Through; via; by means of something.

受け取られた

uketorareta — Was received; was accepted — passive past form.

通信

tsūshin — Communication; correspondence; transmission of information.

より

yori — Than; more than — comparative particle.

も

mo — Also; even; too — inclusive or emphatic particle.

人類

jinrui — Humanity; mankind; the human race as a whole.

とって

totte — For; from the perspective of a person.

重要

jūyō — Important; significant; of great consequence.

ある

aru — To exist; to be; to have (inanimate things).

証明

shōmei — Proof; demonstration; verification of a fact.

された

sareta — Was done; passive past tense of suru.

フランス

Furansu — France; the Western European country.

盾

tate — Shield; a protective implement used in battle.

三叉槍

sansayari — Trident; a three-pronged spear or weapon.

姉妹国

shimaikoku — Sister nation; a country with a close fraternal relationship.

全体的

zentaiteki — Overall; general; pertaining to the whole.

精神的

seishinteki — Spiritual; mental; relating to the mind or spirit.

事柄

kotogara — Matter; affair; a thing or subject to be dealt with.

において

ni oite — In; at; regarding — formal locative or topical expression.

恵まれず

meguwarezu — Not blessed; not gifted; lacking fortune or favor.

紙幣

shihei — Paper currency; banknote; printed money.

作っては

tsukutte wa — Making and then — repeated action with consequence.

使い

tsukai — Use; messenger; the act of using something.

ながら

nagara — While; although — simultaneous or contrasting action particle.

非常

hijō — Extremely; very; emergency — indicating exceptional degree.

滑らか

nameraka — Smooth; slippery; flowing without roughness.

坂

saka — Slope; hill; an inclined surface or road.

転がり落ちて

korogariochite — Rolling down; tumbling downward along a slope.

いった

itta — Went; went on; progressive completion of an action.

キリスト教

Kirisutokyō — Christianity; the religion based on Jesus Christ.

司牧者

shimokusha — Pastor; shepherd; a religious leader tending a flock.

指導

shidō — Guidance; leadership; instruction given to others.

さらに

sara ni — Furthermore; moreover; even more — additive adverb.

雨

ame — Rain; precipitation falling from the sky.

中

naka — Inside; middle; among; within a space or group.

跪いて

hizamazuite — Kneeling; down on one's knees in submission.

五十

gojū — Fifty; the number 50.

ヤード

yādo — Yard; a unit of length equal to about 0.9 meters.

か

ka — Or; question marker — particle expressing alternative or query.

六十

rokujū — Sixty; the number 60.

先

saki — Ahead; beyond; in front; the tip or future.

通り過ぎた

tōrisugita — Passed by; went past without stopping.

汚らしい

kitanarashii — Filthy; dirty-looking; disgustingly unclean in appearance.

修道士

shūdōshi — Monk; a man living under religious vows in a monastery.

行列

gyōretsu — Procession; queue; a line of people moving together.

敬意

keii — Respect; reverence; deference shown to another person.

示さ

shimesa — Show; display — stem form of shimeru, to indicate.

なかった

nakatta — Did not; was not — plain past negative.

という

to iu — Called; known as; the reason or fact that.

理由

riyū — Reason; cause; grounds for an action or belief.

若者

wakamono — Young person; youth; a young man or woman.

両手

ryōte — Both hands; the two hands together.

切り落とし

kiriotoshi — Cutting off; severing a limb or part completely.

舌

shita — Tongue; the muscular organ inside the mouth.

ペンチ

penchi — Pliers; a gripping tool used for pulling or bending.

引き抜き

hikinuki — Pulling out; extracting; removing by force.

体

karada — Body; the physical form of a living organism.

生きた

ikita — Alive; living — past attributive form of ikiru.

まま

mama — As is; unchanged state; remaining in current condition.

焼く

yaku — To burn; to grill; to scorch with fire.

判決

hanketsu — Verdict; judicial decision; court ruling on a case.

下す

kudasu — To hand down; to pronounce a judgment or decision.

いわゆる

iwayuru — So-called; what is known as; commonly referred to as.

人道的

jindōteki — Humane; humanitarian; relating to human compassion.

偉業

igyō — Great feat; achievement; a remarkable accomplishment.

もって

motte — With; by means of; using something as a tool.

自ら

mizukara — Oneself; personally; by one's own effort.

楽しませた

tanoshimaseta — Entertained; amused; caused someone to feel pleasure.

苦しむ

kurushimu — To suffer; to be in pain; to agonize.

者

mono — Person; one who; a person with a certain attribute.

死刑

shikei — Death penalty; capital punishment; execution by law.

処された

shosareta — Was sentenced; was subjected to a legal punishment.

時

toki — Time; moment; when — indicating a point in time.

ノルウェー

Noruwē — Norway; a Scandinavian country in Northern Europe.

森

mori — Forest; woods; a large area of trees.

根

ne — Root; the underground part of a plant.

張り

hari — Spreading; stretching; extending roots or tension.

すでに

sude ni — Already; by now; at this point in time.

によって

ni yotte — By; by means of; due to — indicating agent or cause.

印

shirushi — Mark; sign; symbol indicating a particular designation.

つけられた

tsukerareta — Was marked; was attached — passive past form.

木々

kigi — Trees; multiple trees — plural form of tree.

育っていた

sodatte ita — Were growing; had been growing — past progressive.

十分

jūbun — Sufficient; enough; fully adequate.

あり得る

arieri — Possible; conceivable; able to exist or happen.

それら

sorera — Those; they — plural demonstrative pronoun.

やがて

yagate — Soon; before long; eventually in due course.

切り倒され

kiritaosare — Were felled; were cut down — passive form of felling.

板

ita — Board; plank; a flat piece of wood.

挽かれ

hikare — Were sawn; were milled into planks — passive form.

歴史

rekishi — History; the recorded past events of mankind.

恐るべき

osorubeki — Dreadful; terrible; worthy of fear and awe.

袋

fukuro — Bag; sack; a container made of flexible material.

刃

ha — Blade; the cutting edge of a knife or sword.

備えた

sonaeta — Equipped with; furnished with; having something prepared.

可動式

kadōshiki — Movable; mobile; designed to be moved or adjusted.

枠組み

wakugumi — Framework; structure; the basic organizing structure.

作る

tsukuru — To make; to create; to build or manufacture.

ため

tame — For the purpose of; in order to; for the sake of.

もの

mono — Thing; object; something used for a purpose.

なった

natta — Became; turned into — plain past form of naru.