Beowulf: An Anglo-Saxon Epic Poem — Page 4

Vocabulary

Von

Preposition meaning 'from' or 'of'

jenen

Demonstrative pronoun meaning 'those'

Übersetzern

Translators; people who translate texts

die

Definite article or relative pronoun 'the/who'

sich

Reflexive pronoun meaning 'oneself' or 'themselves'

des

Genitive definite article meaning 'of the'

Verses

Genitive form of 'Vers'; of the verse

bedient

Made use of; utilized something (sich bedienen)

haben

Auxiliary verb 'have'; used to form perfect tense

mehrere

Several; more than two of something

aus

Preposition meaning 'from' or 'out of'

einer

Indefinite article feminine/dative 'a' or 'one'

scheinbar

Apparently; seemingly true but possibly not

irrtümlichen

Erroneous; mistaken or based on error

Perspektive

Perspective; a particular point of view

heraus

Out of; emerging from a source or origin

geschrieben

Written; past participle of 'schreiben'

Ist

Is; third-person singular of 'sein' (to be)

es

Neuter pronoun meaning 'it'

zum

Contraction of 'zu dem' meaning 'to the'

Beispiel

Example; an illustrative instance of something

angemessen

Appropriate; suitable for a particular situation

dass

Conjunction meaning 'that' introducing subordinate clause

ernsten

Serious; grave or solemn in tone or manner

und

Coordinating conjunction meaning 'and'

feierlichen

Solemn; ceremonious and dignified in character

Reden

Speeches; formal spoken addresses to an audience

von

Preposition meaning 'from', 'of', or 'by'

in

Preposition meaning 'in' or 'into'

Balladenmaß

Ballad meter; rhythmic form typical of ballads

gefasst

Expressed or cast in a particular form or meter

werden

Auxiliary verb 'to become' or passive marker

das

Definite neuter article or relative pronoun 'which'

leicht

Lightly; easily or with little weight or effort

luftig

Airy; light and breezy in style or manner

dahintänzelt

Trips or dances along in a light, carefree way

Oder

Conjunction meaning 'or' presenting an alternative

ist

Is; third-person singular present of 'sein'

wiederum

In turn; on the other hand or again

passend

Fitting; suitable or appropriate for the context

raue

Rough; harsh or rugged in texture or tone

kriegerische

Warlike; related to or characteristic of warriors

Musik

Music; organized sound with rhythm and melody

der

Definite article or relative pronoun 'the/who'

angelsächsischen

Anglo-Saxon; relating to early medieval English culture

Verse

Verses; lines of poetry with rhythmic structure

uns

Us; first-person plural dative/accusative pronoun

den

Definite article accusative/dative masculine 'the'

glatten

Smooth; even and flowing without roughness

Maßen

Measures or meters; rhythmic patterns in poetry

modernen

Modern; contemporary or current in style

Blankverses

Blank verse; unrhymed iambic pentameter poetry

vermittelt

Conveyed; communicated or mediated to an audience

wird

Will be; third-person singular of 'werden'

Hören

Hearing or to listen; perceiving sound with ears

wir

We; first-person plural nominative pronoun

was

What; interrogative or relative pronoun

so

So; in such a way or to such a degree

treffend

Aptly; accurately and fittingly describing something

klirrende

Clanking; making a sharp metallic ringing sound

Schritt

Step; a single movement of the foot

eines

Genitive indefinite article 'of a' or 'one's'

gepanzerten

Armored; clad in protective metal plating

Kriegers

Warrior's; genitive of 'Krieger' meaning fighter

genannt

Called or named; past participle of 'nennen'

worden

Become; past participle used in passive constructions

allen

All; dative plural form of 'all'

englischen

English; relating to England or its language

Übersetzungen

Translations; rendered versions in another language

allein

Alone; only or solely, without others

Professor

Professor; senior academic teacher at a university

eine

Indefinite article feminine nominative meaning 'a'

hinreichende

Sufficient; adequate enough for a given purpose

Vorstellung

Idea or impression; a mental conception of something

wichtigsten

Most important; superlative of 'wichtig' (important)

Merkmalen

Features or characteristics; distinguishing properties

dieses

Genitive demonstrative 'of this' for neuter nouns

großen

Great; large or significant in importance or size

germanischen

Germanic; relating to ancient Germanic peoples or languages

Epos

Epic; a long narrative poem of heroic deeds

Es

It; neuter third-person singular pronoun

angenommen

Assumed; taken as true for argument or discussion

vorliegenden

Present; the one currently under consideration here

Übersetzung

Translation; a text rendered in another language

verwendete

Used; employed a particular method or tool

Versmaß

Meter; rhythmic pattern or measure used in verse

dem

Dative definite article 'the' for masculine/neuter

Original

Original; the source text before translation

nahe

Close; near in distance, quality, or resemblance

kommt

Comes; third-person singular of 'kommen'

wie

How or as; used for comparison or manner

moderne

Modern; contemporary, belonging to the current era

Englisch

English; the English language

ermöglicht

Enables; makes something possible or achievable

Die

Definite article feminine or plural 'the'

Kadenzen

Cadences; rhythmic falls or endings in verse or music

ähneln

Resemble; to be similar or comparable to something

stark

Strongly; with great force or intensity

einigen

Some; dative plural of 'einige' meaning several

seiner

His or its; genitive possessive pronoun masculine

eindrucksvollsten

Most impressive; superlative of 'eindrucksvoll'

Gedichte

Poems; literary works written in verse form

verwendet

Used; employed or applied in a specific way

hat

Has; third-person singular present of 'haben'

vier

Four; the cardinal number between three and five

Betonungen

Stresses; emphatic accents placed on syllables

beibehalten

Retained; kept or maintained without changing something

viel

Much; a large amount or degree of something

Thesis

Thesis; unstressed syllable or beat in prosody

Auftakt

Anacrusis; unstressed introductory beat before main rhythm

erlaubt

Allowed; permitted within certain rules or norms

mit

With; preposition indicating accompaniment or means

regelmäßigen

Regular; occurring in a consistent, predictable pattern

Kadenz

Cadence; rhythmic flow or concluding pattern in verse

vereinbar

Compatible; able to coexist without contradiction

Alliteration

Alliteration; repetition of initial consonant sounds in verse

wurde

Was; simple past passive auxiliary of 'werden'

großem

Great; dative form of 'groß' (large, extensive)

Umfang

Extent or scope; the range or scale of something

doch

However or yet; expresses contrast or mild contradiction

man

One; impersonal pronoun referring to people generally

war

Was; simple past tense of 'sein' (to be)

Ansicht

Opinion or view; a personal belief or perspective

Ohren

Ears; organs of hearing, plural of 'Ohr'

sie

She, they, or it; third-person pronoun

kaum

Hardly; scarcely or almost not at all

jeder

Every or each; referring to all individuals

Zeile

Line; a single row of text or verse

dulden

Tolerate; to endure or accept something unpleasant

würden

Would; subjunctive form of 'werden' for conditionals

Endreim

End rhyme; rhyming at the ends of verse lines

gelegentlich

Occasionally; happening sometimes but not regularly

Binnenreim

Internal rhyme; rhyme occurring within a single line

sporadisch

Sporadic; occurring irregularly and infrequently

Beide

Both; referring to two things or people together

gewisse

Certain; a particular or somewhat indefinite degree

Berechtigung

Justification; the right or entitlement to something

Dichtung

Poetry or literature; artistic written verbal expression

Für

For; preposition indicating purpose or beneficiary

siehe

See; imperative directing reader to another reference

für

For; preposition indicating purpose, benefit, or reference

Was

What; interrogative or relative pronoun

Reimgeber

Rhyme-giver; the syllable that provides the alliterating sound

nennt

Calls or names; third-person singular of 'nennen'

sorgfältig

Carefully; with great attention to detail and precision

erste

First; the initial one in a sequence or order

betonte

Stressed; carrying metrical or phonological emphasis

Silbe

Syllable; a unit of pronunciation in a word

im

Contraction of 'in dem' meaning 'in the'

zweiten

Second; ordinal number following the first

Halbvers

Half-verse; one of two parts of an alliterative line

trägt

Bears or carries; third-person singular of 'tragen'

stets

Always; constantly or at all times without exception

letzte

Last; the final one in a sequence or series

alliteriert

Alliterates; shares the same initial sound with another

nur

Only; exclusively or merely, nothing more than that