Beowulf: An Anglo-Saxon Epic Poem — Page 4
Of those translators who have used verse, several have written from what would seem a mistaken point of view.
Tra quei traduttori che hanno usato il verso, diversi hanno scritto da quello che sembrerebbe un punto di vista errato.
Is it proper, for instance, that the grave and solemn speeches of Beowulf and Hrothgar be put in ballad measures, tripping lightly and airily along?
È forse opportuno, ad esempio, che i discorsi gravi e solenni di Beowulf e Hrothgar vengano messi in metri da ballata, procedendo leggeri e spensierati?
Or, again, is it fitting that the rough martial music of Anglo-Saxon verse be interpreted to us in the smooth measures of modern blank verse?
O, ancora, è forse adeguato che la rozza musica marziale del verso anglosassone ci venga interpretata nei metri scorrevoli del moderno verso sciolto?
Do we hear what has been beautifully called "the clanging tread of a warrior in mail"?
Udiamo forse ciò che è stato splendidamente definito «il passo squillante di un guerriero in cotta di maglia»?
Of all English translations of Beowulf, that of Professor Garnett alone gives any adequate idea of the chief characteristics of this great Teutonic epic.
Fra tutte le traduzioni inglesi del Beowulf, solo quella del Professor Garnett fornisce un'idea adeguata delle caratteristiche principali di questo grande poema epico teutonico.
The measure used in the present translation is believed to be as near a reproduction of the original as modern English affords.
Si ritiene che il metro usato nella presente traduzione sia la riproduzione più fedele dell'originale che il moderno inglese consenta.
The cadences closely resemble those used by Browning in some of his most striking poems.
Le cadenze assomigliano molto a quelle usate da Browning in alcune delle sue poesie più suggestive.
The four stresses of the Anglo-Saxon verse are retained, and as much thesis and anacrusis is allowed as is consistent with a regular cadence.
I quattro accenti del verso anglosassone sono mantenuti, e si ammette tanta tesi e anacrusi quanto è compatibile con una cadenza regolare.
Alliteration has been used to a large extent; but it was thought that modern ears would hardly tolerate it on every line.
L'allitterazione è stata usata in larga misura; ma si è ritenuto che le orecchie moderne difficilmente la tollererebbero in ogni verso.
End-rhyme has been used occasionally; internal rhyme, sporadically.
La rima finale è stata usata occasionalmente; la rima interna, sporadicamente.
Both have some warrant in Anglo-Saxon poetry.
Entrambe trovano una qualche giustificazione nella poesia anglosassone.
(For end-rhyme, see 1_53, 1_54; for internal rhyme, 2_21, 6_40.)
(Per la rima finale, vedere 1_53, 1_54; per la rima interna, 2_21, 6_40.)
What Gummere[1] calls the "rime-giver" has been studiously kept; viz., the first accented syllable in the second half-verse always carries the alliteration; and the last accented syllable alliterates only sporadically.
Ciò che Gummere[1] chiama il «datore di rima» è stato scrupolosamente conservato; vale a dire, la prima sillaba accentata nel secondo emistichio porta sempre l'allitterazione; e l'ultima sillaba accentata allittera solo sporadicamente.
Vocabulary
- Tra
- Between or among; a common Italian preposition.
- quei
- Those; masculine plural demonstrative adjective.
- traduttori
- Translators; people who translate texts between languages.
- che
- That, who, or which; very common conjunction or pronoun.
- hanno
- They have; third person plural of avere.
- usato
- Used; past participle of usare, to use.
- il
- The; masculine singular definite article.
- verso
- Verse or line of poetry; also means toward.
- diversi
- Several or different; plural adjective indicating variety.
- scritto
- Written; past participle of scrivere, to write.
- da
- From or by; a fundamental Italian preposition.
- quello
- That one; masculine singular demonstrative pronoun.
- sembrerebbe
- It would seem; conditional of sembrare, to seem.
- un
- A or an; masculine singular indefinite article.
- punto
- Point or dot; a key noun in many expressions.
- di
- Of or from; one of the most common Italian prepositions.
- vista
- View or sight; often used in punto di vista, viewpoint.
- errato
- Wrong or mistaken; adjective describing an error.
- È
- Is; third person singular of essere, to be.
- forse
- Perhaps or maybe; common adverb expressing uncertainty.
- opportuno
- Appropriate or fitting; adjective suggesting suitability.
- ad
- To or at; variant of a used before vowels.
- esempio
- Example; commonly used in ad esempio, for example.
- discorsi
- Speeches or discourses; plural of discorso.
- gravi
- Serious or grave; adjective describing weight or solemnity.
- solenni
- Solemn or formal; adjective describing ceremonious speech.
- vengano
- They come or be rendered; subjunctive of venire.
- messi
- Put or placed; past participle of mettere, to put.
- metri
- Meters or verse forms; plural of metro.
- ballata
- Ballad; a lyrical narrative poem or song form.
- procedendo
- Proceeding or moving forward; gerund of procedere.
- leggeri
- Light or gentle; plural adjective, opposite of heavy.
- spensierati
- Carefree or lighthearted; adjective describing cheerful ease.
- ancora
- Still, yet, or again; common Italian adverb.
- adeguato
- Adequate or suitable; adjective meaning fitting or proper.
- la
- The; feminine singular definite article.
- rozza
- Rough or crude; feminine adjective describing coarseness.
- musica
- Music; the art of sound and rhythm.
- marziale
- Martial or warlike; adjective relating to war or battle.
- del
- Of the; contraction of di and il.
- ci
- Us, to us, or there; versatile Italian pronoun or adverb.
- venga
- Comes or be rendered; subjunctive of venire.
- interpretata
- Interpreted or rendered; past participle of interpretare.
- nei
- In the; contraction of in and i, masculine plural.
- scorrevoli
- Flowing or smooth; adjective describing fluid movement or style.
- moderno
- Modern; adjective referring to the contemporary era.
- sciolto
- Free or loose; in poetry, blank or unrhymed verse.
- Udiamo
- We hear; first person plural of udire, to hear.
- ciò
- This or that; neuter demonstrative pronoun.
- stato
- Been or state; past participle of essere or a noun.
- splendidamente
- Splendidly or magnificently; adverb expressing great excellence.
- definito
- Defined or described; past participle of definire.
- passo
- Step or pace; also a passage in a text.
- squillante
- Ringing or clanging; adjective describing sharp metallic sound.
- guerriero
- Warrior or fighter; noun referring to a combatant.
- maglia
- Mesh or mail; also a jersey or knitted garment.
- Fra
- Among or between; variant of fra, a preposition.
- tutte
- All; feminine plural of tutto, meaning every one.
- le
- The; feminine plural definite article or pronoun.
- traduzioni
- Translations; plural of traduzione, translated works.
- inglesi
- English; plural adjective or noun referring to English things.
- solo
- Only or alone; common adverb or adjective.
- quella
- That; feminine singular demonstrative pronoun or adjective.
- Professor
- Professor; academic title for a university teacher.
- fornisce
- Provides or supplies; third person singular of fornire.
- un'
- A or an; feminine indefinite article before a vowel.
- idea
- Idea or notion; a thought or concept.
- adeguata
- Adequate or sufficient; feminine adjective meaning fitting.
- delle
- Of the; contraction of di and le, feminine plural.
- caratteristiche
- Characteristics or features; plural noun describing distinctive traits.
- principali
- Main or principal; plural adjective meaning most important.
- questo
- This; masculine singular demonstrative adjective or pronoun.
- grande
- Great or large; common adjective expressing size or importance.
- poema
- Poem; a long literary work in verse form.
- epico
- Epic; adjective describing grand heroic narrative poetry.
- Si
- Oneself or one; reflexive pronoun also used impersonally.
- ritiene
- Considers or believes; third person singular of ritenere.
- metro
- Meter; unit of length or rhythmic pattern in verse.
- nella
- In the; contraction of in and la, feminine singular.
- presente
- Present or current; adjective indicating the current moment.
- traduzione
- Translation; the act or result of translating a text.
- sia
- Is or be; subjunctive of essere, expressing doubt.
- riproduzione
- Reproduction; copy or replication of an original work.
- più
- More or most; common adverb of comparison.
- fedele
- Faithful or accurate; adjective meaning loyal or true.
- dell'
- Of the; elided contraction of di and the article.
- originale
- Original; the first or authentic version of something.
- inglese
- English; adjective or noun referring to England or its language.
- consenta
- Allows or permits; subjunctive of consentire.
- Le
- The; feminine plural article or formal you pronoun.
- cadenze
- Cadences or rhythms; plural of cadenza, in music or verse.
- assomigliano
- Resemble or are similar to; third person plural of assomigliare.
- molto
- Very or much; common adverb expressing degree.
- a
- To or at; fundamental Italian preposition.
- quelle
- Those; feminine plural demonstrative pronoun.
- usate
- Used; feminine plural past participle of usare.
- alcune
- Some; feminine plural indefinite adjective or pronoun.
- sue
- His, her, or its; feminine plural possessive adjective.
- poesie
- Poems; plural of poesia, works of poetic literature.
- suggestive
- Evocative or suggestive; adjective describing emotionally resonant works.
- quattro
- Four; the cardinal number four.
- accenti
- Accents or stresses; plural of accento in prosody.
- sono
- Are; first person singular or third person plural of essere.
- mantenuti
- Maintained or kept; past participle plural of mantenere.
- si
- Oneself; reflexive pronoun used with many verbs.
- ammette
- Admits or allows; third person singular of ammettere.
- tanta
- So much or as much; feminine singular of tanto.
- tesi
- Stressed or stretched; also thesis, past participle of tendere.
- quanto
- As much as or how much; conjunction or adverb of quantity.
- compatibile
- Compatible or consistent; adjective meaning able to coexist.
- con
- With; a basic Italian preposition indicating accompaniment.
- una
- A or an; feminine singular indefinite article.
- cadenza
- Cadence; a rhythmic sequence or flow in music or verse.
- regolare
- Regular or steady; adjective describing consistent rhythmic pattern.
- L'
- The; elided form of la or lo before a vowel.
- stata
- Been; feminine past participle of essere, to be.
- usata
- Used; feminine past participle of usare.
- larga
- Large or broad; feminine adjective indicating wide extent.
- misura
- Measure or extent; noun used in a larga misura, greatly.
- ma
- But; the most common Italian adversative conjunction.
- ritenuto
- Considered or believed; past participle of ritenere.
- orecchie
- Ears; plural of orecchio, the hearing organs.
- moderne
- Modern; feminine plural adjective referring to the current era.
- difficilmente
- With difficulty or hardly; adverb expressing near impossibility.
- tollererebbero
- They would tolerate; conditional of tollerare, to tolerate.
- ogni
- Every or each; invariable adjective of totality.
- La
- The; feminine singular definite article.
- rima
- Rhyme; the correspondence of sounds at the end of lines.
- finale
- Final or ending; adjective referring to the last part.
- occasionalmente
- Occasionally; adverb meaning from time to time.
- interna
- Internal; feminine adjective meaning inside or within a line.
- sporadicamente
- Sporadically; adverb meaning occurring irregularly or occasionally.
- Entrambe
- Both; feminine form of entrambi, referring to two things.
- trovano
- They find; third person plural of trovare, to find.
- qualche
- Some or a few; invariable adjective of indefinite quantity.
- giustificazione
- Justification; a reason or explanation supporting something.
- poesia
- Poetry or poem; literary art expressed in verse.
- Per
- For or through; a versatile Italian preposition.
- vedere
- To see; one of the most common Italian verbs.
- per
- For or through; common preposition indicating purpose or means.
- Ciò
- That or this; neuter demonstrative pronoun for things.
- chiama
- Calls or names; third person singular of chiamare.
- scrupolosamente
- Scrupulously; adverb meaning with great care and precision.
- conservato
- Preserved or conserved; past participle of conservare.
- vale
- Is worth or means; third person singular of valere.
- dire
- To say or tell; one of the most common Italian verbs.
- prima
- First or before; ordinal adjective or adverb of time.
- sillaba
- Syllable; a unit of pronunciation in a word.
- accentata
- Stressed or accented; feminine past participle of accentare.
- nel
- In the; masculine singular contraction of in and il.
- secondo
- Second; ordinal number or adjective meaning the next one.
- porta
- Carries or bears; third person singular of portare.
- sempre
- Always; adverb expressing constant or unceasing action.
- l'
- The; elided article before a vowel, masculine or feminine.
- ultima
- Last; feminine superlative adjective meaning the final one.
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