← Beowulf: An Anglo-Saxon Epic Poem

Beowulf: An Anglo-Saxon Epic Poem — Page 4

English → It Full Text Level 9/10

Of those translators who have used verse, several have written from what would seem a mistaken point of view.

Tra quei traduttori che hanno usato il verso, diversi hanno scritto da quello che sembrerebbe un punto di vista errato.

Is it proper, for instance, that the grave and solemn speeches of Beowulf and Hrothgar be put in ballad measures, tripping lightly and airily along?

È forse opportuno, ad esempio, che i discorsi gravi e solenni di Beowulf e Hrothgar vengano messi in metri da ballata, procedendo leggeri e spensierati?

Or, again, is it fitting that the rough martial music of Anglo-Saxon verse be interpreted to us in the smooth measures of modern blank verse?

O, ancora, è forse adeguato che la rozza musica marziale del verso anglosassone ci venga interpretata nei metri scorrevoli del moderno verso sciolto?

Do we hear what has been beautifully called "the clanging tread of a warrior in mail"?

Udiamo forse ciò che è stato splendidamente definito «il passo squillante di un guerriero in cotta di maglia»?

Of all English translations of Beowulf, that of Professor Garnett alone gives any adequate idea of the chief characteristics of this great Teutonic epic.

Fra tutte le traduzioni inglesi del Beowulf, solo quella del Professor Garnett fornisce un'idea adeguata delle caratteristiche principali di questo grande poema epico teutonico.

The measure used in the present translation is believed to be as near a reproduction of the original as modern English affords.

Si ritiene che il metro usato nella presente traduzione sia la riproduzione più fedele dell'originale che il moderno inglese consenta.

The cadences closely resemble those used by Browning in some of his most striking poems.

Le cadenze assomigliano molto a quelle usate da Browning in alcune delle sue poesie più suggestive.

The four stresses of the Anglo-Saxon verse are retained, and as much thesis and anacrusis is allowed as is consistent with a regular cadence.

I quattro accenti del verso anglosassone sono mantenuti, e si ammette tanta tesi e anacrusi quanto è compatibile con una cadenza regolare.

Alliteration has been used to a large extent; but it was thought that modern ears would hardly tolerate it on every line.

L'allitterazione è stata usata in larga misura; ma si è ritenuto che le orecchie moderne difficilmente la tollererebbero in ogni verso.

End-rhyme has been used occasionally; internal rhyme, sporadically.

La rima finale è stata usata occasionalmente; la rima interna, sporadicamente.

Both have some warrant in Anglo-Saxon poetry.

Entrambe trovano una qualche giustificazione nella poesia anglosassone.

(For end-rhyme, see 1_53, 1_54; for internal rhyme, 2_21, 6_40.)

(Per la rima finale, vedere 1_53, 1_54; per la rima interna, 2_21, 6_40.)

What Gummere[1] calls the "rime-giver" has been studiously kept; viz., the first accented syllable in the second half-verse always carries the alliteration; and the last accented syllable alliterates only sporadically.

Ciò che Gummere[1] chiama il «datore di rima» è stato scrupolosamente conservato; vale a dire, la prima sillaba accentata nel secondo emistichio porta sempre l'allitterazione; e l'ultima sillaba accentata allittera solo sporadicamente.

Vocabulary

Tra
Between or among; a common Italian preposition.
quei
Those; masculine plural demonstrative adjective.
traduttori
Translators; people who translate texts between languages.
che
That, who, or which; very common conjunction or pronoun.
hanno
They have; third person plural of avere.
usato
Used; past participle of usare, to use.
il
The; masculine singular definite article.
verso
Verse or line of poetry; also means toward.
diversi
Several or different; plural adjective indicating variety.
scritto
Written; past participle of scrivere, to write.
da
From or by; a fundamental Italian preposition.
quello
That one; masculine singular demonstrative pronoun.
sembrerebbe
It would seem; conditional of sembrare, to seem.
un
A or an; masculine singular indefinite article.
punto
Point or dot; a key noun in many expressions.
di
Of or from; one of the most common Italian prepositions.
vista
View or sight; often used in punto di vista, viewpoint.
errato
Wrong or mistaken; adjective describing an error.
È
Is; third person singular of essere, to be.
forse
Perhaps or maybe; common adverb expressing uncertainty.
opportuno
Appropriate or fitting; adjective suggesting suitability.
ad
To or at; variant of a used before vowels.
esempio
Example; commonly used in ad esempio, for example.
discorsi
Speeches or discourses; plural of discorso.
gravi
Serious or grave; adjective describing weight or solemnity.
solenni
Solemn or formal; adjective describing ceremonious speech.
vengano
They come or be rendered; subjunctive of venire.
messi
Put or placed; past participle of mettere, to put.
metri
Meters or verse forms; plural of metro.
ballata
Ballad; a lyrical narrative poem or song form.
procedendo
Proceeding or moving forward; gerund of procedere.
leggeri
Light or gentle; plural adjective, opposite of heavy.
spensierati
Carefree or lighthearted; adjective describing cheerful ease.
ancora
Still, yet, or again; common Italian adverb.
adeguato
Adequate or suitable; adjective meaning fitting or proper.
la
The; feminine singular definite article.
rozza
Rough or crude; feminine adjective describing coarseness.
musica
Music; the art of sound and rhythm.
marziale
Martial or warlike; adjective relating to war or battle.
del
Of the; contraction of di and il.
ci
Us, to us, or there; versatile Italian pronoun or adverb.
venga
Comes or be rendered; subjunctive of venire.
interpretata
Interpreted or rendered; past participle of interpretare.
nei
In the; contraction of in and i, masculine plural.
scorrevoli
Flowing or smooth; adjective describing fluid movement or style.
moderno
Modern; adjective referring to the contemporary era.
sciolto
Free or loose; in poetry, blank or unrhymed verse.
Udiamo
We hear; first person plural of udire, to hear.
ciò
This or that; neuter demonstrative pronoun.
stato
Been or state; past participle of essere or a noun.
splendidamente
Splendidly or magnificently; adverb expressing great excellence.
definito
Defined or described; past participle of definire.
passo
Step or pace; also a passage in a text.
squillante
Ringing or clanging; adjective describing sharp metallic sound.
guerriero
Warrior or fighter; noun referring to a combatant.
maglia
Mesh or mail; also a jersey or knitted garment.
Fra
Among or between; variant of fra, a preposition.
tutte
All; feminine plural of tutto, meaning every one.
le
The; feminine plural definite article or pronoun.
traduzioni
Translations; plural of traduzione, translated works.
inglesi
English; plural adjective or noun referring to English things.
solo
Only or alone; common adverb or adjective.
quella
That; feminine singular demonstrative pronoun or adjective.
Professor
Professor; academic title for a university teacher.
fornisce
Provides or supplies; third person singular of fornire.
un'
A or an; feminine indefinite article before a vowel.
idea
Idea or notion; a thought or concept.
adeguata
Adequate or sufficient; feminine adjective meaning fitting.
delle
Of the; contraction of di and le, feminine plural.
caratteristiche
Characteristics or features; plural noun describing distinctive traits.
principali
Main or principal; plural adjective meaning most important.
questo
This; masculine singular demonstrative adjective or pronoun.
grande
Great or large; common adjective expressing size or importance.
poema
Poem; a long literary work in verse form.
epico
Epic; adjective describing grand heroic narrative poetry.
Si
Oneself or one; reflexive pronoun also used impersonally.
ritiene
Considers or believes; third person singular of ritenere.
metro
Meter; unit of length or rhythmic pattern in verse.
nella
In the; contraction of in and la, feminine singular.
presente
Present or current; adjective indicating the current moment.
traduzione
Translation; the act or result of translating a text.
sia
Is or be; subjunctive of essere, expressing doubt.
riproduzione
Reproduction; copy or replication of an original work.
più
More or most; common adverb of comparison.
fedele
Faithful or accurate; adjective meaning loyal or true.
dell'
Of the; elided contraction of di and the article.
originale
Original; the first or authentic version of something.
inglese
English; adjective or noun referring to England or its language.
consenta
Allows or permits; subjunctive of consentire.
Le
The; feminine plural article or formal you pronoun.
cadenze
Cadences or rhythms; plural of cadenza, in music or verse.
assomigliano
Resemble or are similar to; third person plural of assomigliare.
molto
Very or much; common adverb expressing degree.
a
To or at; fundamental Italian preposition.
quelle
Those; feminine plural demonstrative pronoun.
usate
Used; feminine plural past participle of usare.
alcune
Some; feminine plural indefinite adjective or pronoun.
sue
His, her, or its; feminine plural possessive adjective.
poesie
Poems; plural of poesia, works of poetic literature.
suggestive
Evocative or suggestive; adjective describing emotionally resonant works.
quattro
Four; the cardinal number four.
accenti
Accents or stresses; plural of accento in prosody.
sono
Are; first person singular or third person plural of essere.
mantenuti
Maintained or kept; past participle plural of mantenere.
si
Oneself; reflexive pronoun used with many verbs.
ammette
Admits or allows; third person singular of ammettere.
tanta
So much or as much; feminine singular of tanto.
tesi
Stressed or stretched; also thesis, past participle of tendere.
quanto
As much as or how much; conjunction or adverb of quantity.
compatibile
Compatible or consistent; adjective meaning able to coexist.
con
With; a basic Italian preposition indicating accompaniment.
una
A or an; feminine singular indefinite article.
cadenza
Cadence; a rhythmic sequence or flow in music or verse.
regolare
Regular or steady; adjective describing consistent rhythmic pattern.
L'
The; elided form of la or lo before a vowel.
stata
Been; feminine past participle of essere, to be.
usata
Used; feminine past participle of usare.
larga
Large or broad; feminine adjective indicating wide extent.
misura
Measure or extent; noun used in a larga misura, greatly.
ma
But; the most common Italian adversative conjunction.
ritenuto
Considered or believed; past participle of ritenere.
orecchie
Ears; plural of orecchio, the hearing organs.
moderne
Modern; feminine plural adjective referring to the current era.
difficilmente
With difficulty or hardly; adverb expressing near impossibility.
tollererebbero
They would tolerate; conditional of tollerare, to tolerate.
ogni
Every or each; invariable adjective of totality.
La
The; feminine singular definite article.
rima
Rhyme; the correspondence of sounds at the end of lines.
finale
Final or ending; adjective referring to the last part.
occasionalmente
Occasionally; adverb meaning from time to time.
interna
Internal; feminine adjective meaning inside or within a line.
sporadicamente
Sporadically; adverb meaning occurring irregularly or occasionally.
Entrambe
Both; feminine form of entrambi, referring to two things.
trovano
They find; third person plural of trovare, to find.
qualche
Some or a few; invariable adjective of indefinite quantity.
giustificazione
Justification; a reason or explanation supporting something.
poesia
Poetry or poem; literary art expressed in verse.
Per
For or through; a versatile Italian preposition.
vedere
To see; one of the most common Italian verbs.
per
For or through; common preposition indicating purpose or means.
Ciò
That or this; neuter demonstrative pronoun for things.
chiama
Calls or names; third person singular of chiamare.
scrupolosamente
Scrupulously; adverb meaning with great care and precision.
conservato
Preserved or conserved; past participle of conservare.
vale
Is worth or means; third person singular of valere.
dire
To say or tell; one of the most common Italian verbs.
prima
First or before; ordinal adjective or adverb of time.
sillaba
Syllable; a unit of pronunciation in a word.
accentata
Stressed or accented; feminine past participle of accentare.
nel
In the; masculine singular contraction of in and il.
secondo
Second; ordinal number or adjective meaning the next one.
porta
Carries or bears; third person singular of portare.
sempre
Always; adverb expressing constant or unceasing action.
l'
The; elided article before a vowel, masculine or feminine.
ultima
Last; feminine superlative adjective meaning the final one.
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