Beowulf: An Anglo-Saxon Epic Poem — Page 3

Vocabulary

しかし

shikashi — Conjunction meaning 'however' or 'but'.

時折

tokiori — Occasionally; from time to time.

彼

kare — Third-person masculine pronoun meaning 'he' or 'him'.

は

wa — Topic-marking particle indicating the sentence topic.

詩

shi — Poem or poetry as a literary form.

の

no — Possessive or linking particle connecting nouns.

他

hoka — Other; another; elsewhere.

研究者

kenkyūsha — Researcher or scholar engaged in academic study.

たち

tachi — Plural suffix indicating a group of people.

批評

hihyō — Criticism or critical commentary on a work.

から

kara — Particle meaning 'from' or 'because'.

引用

in'yō — Quotation; citing a passage from a source.

さ

sa — Verb suffix used in passive constructions.

れ

re — Passive verb ending indicating something is done to subject.

た

ta — Past tense verb ending in Japanese.

修正案

shūseian — Proposed amendment or revised draft of something.

に

ni — Particle indicating location, direction, or indirect object.

自身

jishin — Oneself; one's own self or person.

推測

suisoku — Guess or conjecture based on available information.

を

wo — Object-marking particle indicating direct object.

加える

kuwaeru — To add or append something to something else.

こと

koto — Nominalizer turning verbs into noun phrases meaning 'thing/fact'.

も

mo — Particle meaning 'also' or 'even'.

あっ

a'(tte) — Conjugated form of 'aru' meaning 'to exist/be'.

この

kono — Demonstrative meaning 'this' referring to nearby thing.

作品

sakuhin — A work of art, literature, or creative output.

二

ni — The number two.

種類

shurui — Type, kind, or category of something.

読者

dokusha — Reader; a person who reads a text.

対象

taishō — Target audience or object of focus.

と

to — Particle meaning 'and', 'with', or quotation marker.

し

shi — Conjunctive verb form connecting clauses or listing reasons.

て

te — Te-form verb ending connecting sequential actions.

いる

iru — Auxiliary verb indicating ongoing or resultant state.

翻訳者

hon'yakusha — Translator; person who translates between languages.

その

sono — Demonstrative meaning 'that' referring to contextual thing.

どちら

dochira — Which one; either of two options.

対し

taishi — Toward; in relation to; against.

等しく

hitoshiku — Equally; in an equal or uniform manner.

共感

kyōkan — Empathy or sympathetic understanding toward another.

協力

kyōryoku — Cooperation; working together toward a shared goal.

求め

motome — To seek, request, or demand something from someone.

古英語

ko-eigo — Old English; the earliest form of the English language.

学者

gakusha — Scholar or academic expert in a field.

原文

genbun — Original text before translation or revision.

忠実

chūjitsu — Faithful; loyal or true to an original.

従う

shitagau — To follow, obey, or comply with something.

で

de — Particle indicating means, location of action, or scope.

満足

manzoku — Satisfaction; a feeling of contentment or fulfillment.

与え

atae — To give or provide something to someone.

たい

tai — Auxiliary expressing desire to do something.

願っ

negat(te) — To wish or hope earnestly for something.

英文学

eibungaku — English literature as an academic field of study.

学生

gakusei — Student enrolled in academic study.

我々

wareware — We; first-person plural pronoun, often formal.

民族

minzoku — Ethnic group, people, or nation sharing cultural heritage.

最も

mottomo — Most; superlative adverb indicating the highest degree.

古い

furui — Old; of great age or long existence.

叙事詩

jojishi — Epic poem narrating heroic deeds and adventures.

現代的

gendaiteki — Modern; characteristic of the contemporary era.

な

na — Adjectival linking particle for na-adjectives.

装い

yosooi — Dress, appearance, or guise; outward presentation.

提供

teikyō — To provide or offer something to someone.

する

suru — To do; general-purpose action verb in Japanese.

興味

kyōmi — Interest; curiosity or fascination toward something.

引く

hiku — To pull, attract, or draw attention.

目指し

mezashi — To aim for or target a goal.

これ

kore — This; demonstrative pronoun for nearby objects.

大胆

daitan — Bold; daring or audacious in action.

冒険的

bōkenteki — Adventurous; involving risk or daring exploration.

試み

kokoromi — Attempt or endeavor to accomplish something.

ある

aru — To exist; to be (for inanimate objects or concepts).

それでも

soredemo — Even so; nevertheless; despite that.

悲しみ

kanashimi — Sorrow; deep sadness or grief.

武勇

buyū — Bravery and martial valor in battle.

そし

soshi — Shortened form of 'soshite' meaning 'and then'.

太古

taiko — Ancient times; the remote or primordial past.

地

chi — Earth, land, or ground; a place or territory.

住ん

sun(de) — Living in or inhabiting a place.

い

i — Auxiliary verb form of 'iru' indicating ongoing state.

祖先

sosen — Ancestors; forebears from previous generations.

心

kokoro — Heart, mind, or spirit; inner emotional self.

揺さぶっ

yusabut(te) — To shake or stir deeply; to move emotionally.

感情

kanjō — Emotion or feeling experienced by a person.

現代

gendai — The present age; modern times or era.

言葉

kotoba — Words, language, or speech used to communicate.

読める

yomeru — To be able to read something.

なら

nara — Conditional particle meaning 'if' or 'in that case'.

ば

ba — Conditional verb ending meaning 'if' in Japanese.

案内者

annaisha — Guide; a person who leads or directs others.

でも

demo — Even; or 'but'; concessive/contrastive conjunction.

喜ん

yorokon(de) — Gladly; with pleasure or willingness.

過去

kako — The past; time that has already occurred.

研究

kenkyū — Research; systematic academic investigation of a subject.

が

ga — Subject-marking particle or contrastive conjunction.

何人

nannin — How many people; some number of persons.

か

ka — Question particle or indefinite marker meaning 'some'.

違いない

chigainai — Must be; there is no doubt that.

より

yori — More than; comparative particle indicating degree.

多く

ōku — Many; a large number or great amount.

せる

seru — Causative auxiliary verb meaning to make or let someone.

ため

tame — For the sake of; purpose or benefit.

規則的

kisokuteki — Regular; systematic or consistent in pattern.

リズム

rizumu — Rhythm; regular pattern of sound or movement.

用い

mochii — To use or employ a method or tool.

られ

rare — Passive or potential auxiliary verb ending.

本質的

honshitsuteki — Essential; pertaining to the fundamental nature of something.

特徴

tokuchō — Characteristic feature or distinguishing trait.

保ち

tamochi — To maintain or preserve a state or quality.

ながら

nagara — While doing; simultaneous action conjunction.

読み進める

yomisusumeru — To read on; to continue progressing through a text.

際

sai — Occasion or time when something occurs.

先

saki — Ahead; the further part or what comes next.

見通せる

mitōseru — To be able to see ahead or foresee.

よう

yō — So that; in order to; resembling.

手法

shuhō — Method or technique used to accomplish something.

おそらく

osoraku — Probably; most likely; expressing strong conjecture.

すべて

subete — All; everything without exception.

どの

dono — Which; interrogative determiner for selecting among options.

翻訳

hon'yaku — Translation; converting text from one language to another.

す

su — Shortened verb form of 'suru' meaning to do.

べき

beki — Should; ought to; expressing moral obligation.

つい

tsui — Unintentionally; ending up doing something inadvertently.

それぞれ

sorezore — Each; respectively; every one individually.

独自

dokuji — Unique; original; one's own distinctive approach.

理論

riron — Theory; a systematic framework of ideas or principles.

持っ

mot(te) — To have or hold something.

だろう

darō — Probably; expresses conjecture or supposition.

偉大

idai — Great; magnificent in achievement or stature.

信じる

shinjiru — To believe or trust in something or someone.

散文

sanbun — Prose; written language in non-poetic form.

訳

yaku — Translation; rendered version of a text.

者

sha — Suffix meaning person associated with an activity.

尊敬

sonkei — Respect; deep admiration for a person.

正当

seitō — Legitimate; rightful or justified in claim.

最初

saisho — The first; the beginning or earliest instance.

呼ば

yoba — To be called or named something.

れる

reru — Passive verb ending indicating action done to subject.

一般

ippan — General; ordinary; the public or common people.

人々

hitobito — People; the general public or populace.

示せ

shimase — To show or demonstrate something to someone.

ない

nai — Negation suffix meaning 'not' or 'does not exist'.

言う

iu — To say or speak; to express verbally.

彼ら

karera — They; third-person plural pronoun.

へ

e — Directional particle meaning 'toward' or 'to'.

非難

hinan — Criticism or blame directed at someone.

なる

naru — To become; to come to be a certain state.