Beowulf: An Anglo-Saxon Epic Poem — Page 5

Vocabulary

原文

genbun — Original text or source document.

と

to — Particle meaning 'and' or 'with'.

同様

dōyō — Similar to; in the same way as.

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, location, or manner.

交互

kōgo — Alternating; taking turns with something else.

頭韻

tōin — Alliteration; repetition of initial consonant sounds.

が

ga — Subject marker particle in Japanese grammar.

時折

tokiori — Occasionally; from time to time.

使用

shiyō — Use; utilization of something.

て

te — Conjunctive particle connecting verb phrases.

いる

iru — To be; indicating ongoing or resultant state.

を

wo — Direct object marker particle in Japanese.

参照

sanshō — Reference; see also; consult for more information.

強勢

kyōsei — Stress or emphasis placed on a syllable.

音節

onsetsu — Syllable; unit of pronunciation in language.

二つ

futatsu — Two; a pair of things.

連続

renzoku — Consecutive; continuous sequence without interruption.

れる

reru — Passive voice auxiliary verb suffix.

こと

koto — Thing; fact; nominalizer for verb phrases.

は

wa — Topic marker particle in Japanese grammar.

なく

naku — Without; negating adjective or noun form.

休止

kyūshi — Pause; cessation; a brief stop or rest.

の

no — Possessive or nominal linking particle.

後

go / ato — After; following in time or sequence.

現れる

arawareru — To appear; to emerge; to show up.

場合

baai — Case; situation; circumstance or instance.

除い

nozoi — Excluding; except for certain cases.

その

sono — That; referring to something previously mentioned.

よう

yō — Like; manner; indicating resemblance or method.

な

na — Adjectival linking suffix for na-adjectives.

配置

haichi — Arrangement; placement or disposition of elements.

避け

sake — To avoid; to refrain from something.

および

oyobi — And; as well as; in addition to.

より

yori — From; than; more so than something else.

学術的

gakujutsuteki — Academic; scholarly in nature or approach.

言えば

ieba — Speaking of; if one were to say.

翻訳

hon'yaku — Translation; converting text between languages.

方針

hōshin — Policy; guiding principle or course of action.

ない

nai — Not; negation in Japanese grammar.

しかし

shikashi — However; but; introduces a contrasting statement.

ながら

nagara — While; although; doing two things simultaneously.

彼

kare — He; him; that person (male).

型

kata / gata — Type; model; pattern or form.

いくつか

ikutsuka — Some; several; a few of something.

常

tsune / jō — Always; usually; constant or regular state.

例えば

tatoeba — For example; for instance.

変形

henkei — Variation; transformation; modified form.

など

nado — Et cetera; and so on; among others.

で

de — At; by means of; particle of location or means.

ある

aru — To be; to exist (for inanimate things).

用い

mochi(i) — To use; to employ or make use of.

さらなる

saranaru — Further; additional; even more than before.

変化

henka — Change; variation; alteration in form or state.

もたらし

motarashi — To bring about; to cause; to introduce.

並行

heikō — Parallel; running alongside simultaneously.

表現

hyōgen — Expression; representation; way of conveying meaning.

忠実

chūjitsu — Faithful; loyal; accurate to the original.

保存

hozon — Preservation; keeping something intact or saved.

おける

okeru — In; at; pertaining to a specific context.

主

shu / nushi — Lord; master; primary or main entity.

栄光

eikō — Glory; splendor; great honor or radiance.

支配者

shihaisha — Ruler; one who governs or dominates others.

例

rei — Example; instance; case used for illustration.

時

toki — Time; moment; when a certain situation occurs.

若干

jakkan — Some; a small amount or slight degree.

損失

sonshitsu — Loss; damage; something lost or sacrificed.

生じる

shōjiru — To arise; to occur; to come into being.

も

mo — Also; even; too; inclusive particle.

一方

ippō — On the other hand; meanwhile; one side.

随所

zuisho — Throughout; in various places; here and there.

改善

kaizen — Improvement; making something better than before.

明確

meikaku — Clear; definite; explicit and unambiguous.

古語

kogo — Archaic word; old or classical language term.

的

teki — Suffix meaning '-like', '-ish', or '-al'.

風趣

fūshu — Artistic flavor; elegant taste or aesthetic charm.

与える

ataeru — To give; to provide; to impart something.

努め

tsutome — To strive; to make effort toward a goal.

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary verb in Japanese.

詩

shi — Poem; poetry; verse literature.

精神

seishin — Spirit; mind; essence or underlying ethos.

そぐわ

sogowa — To be unsuitable; not fitting or appropriate.

言葉

kotoba — Word; language; expression or manner of speaking.

すべて

subete — All; everything; the entirety of something.

また

mata — Also; again; moreover; in addition.

多く

ōku — Many; much; a large number or quantity.

標準

hyōjun — Standard; norm; established reference level.

現代

gendai — Modern era; contemporary times or present day.

もの

mono — Thing; object; nominalizing noun particle.

一つ

hitotsu — One; a single item or element.

考え

kangae — Thought; idea; way of thinking or reasoning.

これら

korera — These; referring to multiple nearby things.

序文

jobun — Preface; introductory text before main content.

所見

shoken — Observation; findings; remarks or noted points.

踏まえ

fumaе — Based on; taking into account; grounded in.

上

ue / jō — Above; on top of; based upon something.

物語

monogatari — Story; tale; narrative or legend.

概略

gairyaku — Outline; summary; brief overview of content.

述べる

noberu — To state; to describe; to express in words.

無益

mueki — Useless; pointless; yielding no benefit.

あろう

arō — Probably is; volitional form of 'aru'.

あらすじ

arasuji — Plot summary; synopsis of a story's content.