Coniston — Volume 01 — Page 7

Vocabulary

Ora

OH-rah — Now; at this moment in time

che

keh — That, which, or what; relative/subordinating conjunction

ci

chee — Us, there, or reflexive particle in Italian

pensava

pen-SAH-vah — He/she was thinking or used to think

c'era

CHEH-rah — There was; contracted form of ci era

una

OO-nah — A, an; feminine indefinite article

forza

FOR-tsah — Force, strength, or power

rude

ROO-deh — Rough, coarse, or crude in manner

nel

nel — In the; masculine singular contracted preposition

viso

VEE-zoh — Face; the front part of one's head

di

dee — Of, from; very common Italian preposition

specialmente

speh-chahl-MEN-teh — Especially, particularly; used to emphasize something

quando

KWAHN-doh — When; temporal conjunction introducing a clause

si

see — Reflexive pronoun: himself, herself, oneself

toglieva

tohl-YEH-vah — He/she was removing or taking off something

il

eel — The; masculine singular definite article

berretto

behr-RET-toh — Cap, hat; a small brimless head covering

pelle

PEL-leh — Skin, hide, or leather material

procione

proh-CHOH-neh — Raccoon; a striped North American mammal

Lei

lay — She; third-person singular feminine pronoun

annuiva

ahn-noo-EE-vah — She was nodding in agreement or acknowledgment

sempre

SEM-preh — Always; at all times without exception

in

een — In, into; basic Italian preposition of location

segno

SEH-nyoh — Sign, signal, or gesture indicating something

saluto

sah-LOO-toh — Greeting, salute; a gesture of acknowledgment

lo

loh — Him, it; masculine singular direct object pronoun

vedeva

veh-DEH-vah — He/she saw or used to see someone

cortile

kor-TEE-leh — Courtyard; an open enclosed area near building

della

DEL-lah — Of the; feminine singular contracted preposition

conceria

kon-cheh-REE-ah — Tannery; place where animal hides are processed

o

oh — Or; disjunctive conjunction presenting alternatives

per

pehr — For, through, by; common Italian preposition

strada

STRAH-dah — Street, road; a path for traveling

e

eh — And; basic coordinating conjunction in Italian

a

ah — To, at; basic Italian preposition of direction

volte

VOL-teh — Times; instances or occasions of something happening

lui

loo-EE — He, him; third-person masculine singular pronoun

ricambiava

ree-kahm-BYAH-vah — He/she was returning or reciprocating a gesture

cenno

CHEN-noh — Nod, gesture, or brief signal of acknowledgment

ma

mah — But; adversative conjunction showing contrast

più

pyoo — More; comparative adverb indicating greater degree

spesso

SPES-soh — Often; frequently occurring on many occasions

non

nohn — Not; basic negation word in Italian

sembrava

sem-BRAH-vah — He/she seemed or appeared to be something

vederla

veh-DEHR-lah — To see her; infinitive with object pronoun attached

Aveva

ah-VEH-vah — He/she had; past imperfect of avere

pensato

pen-SAH-toh — Thought; past participle of pensare

questo

KWES-toh — This; masculine singular demonstrative pronoun/adjective

mancato

mahn-KAH-toh — Missed, failed; past participle of mancare

fosse

FOS-seh — Were; past subjunctive of essere

stupidità

stoo-pee-dee-TAH — Stupidity; lack of intelligence or good judgment

poteva

poh-TEH-vah — He/she could; past imperfect of potere

dopo

DOH-poh — After, later; indicating subsequent time or order

tutto

TOOT-toh — All, everything; totality without exception

essere

ES-seh-reh — To be; fundamental Italian auxiliary verb

distrazione

dees-trah-TSYOH-neh — Distraction; loss of focus or attention

Cosa

KOH-zah — What, thing; interrogative pronoun in Italian

ti

tee — You; second-person singular reflexive/object pronoun

fa

fah — Makes, does; third-person singular of fare

pensare

pen-SAH-reh — To think; infinitive of thinking verb

abbia

AHB-byah — Has; present subjunctive of avere

talento

tah-LEN-toh — Talent; natural skill or ability

chiese

KYEH-zeh — She asked; past tense of chiedere

cogliendo

kohl-YEN-doh — Picking, gathering; present gerund of cogliere

fiori

FYOH-ree — Flowers; plural of fiore

da

dah — From, by, since; versatile Italian preposition

mazzo

MAHTS-tsoh — Bunch, bouquet; a gathered group of flowers

corbezzolo

kor-BET-tsoh-loh — Strawberry tree; Mediterranean evergreen shrub with berries

teneva

teh-NEH-vah — He/she was holding or keeping something

mano

MAH-noh — Hand; the body part at arm's end

È

eh — Is; third-person singular present of essere

ricco

REEK-koh — Rich, wealthy; having abundant money or resources

tanto

TAHN-toh — So much, so; indicating large degree or quantity

cominciare

koh-meen-CHAH-reh — To begin, to start; an action or process

disse

DEES-seh — Said, told; past simple of dire

Non

nohn — Not; negation particle before verbs

aveva

ah-VEH-vah — Had; past imperfect of avere

intenzione

een-ten-TSYOH-neh — Intention; a plan or purpose in mind

fare

FAH-reh — To do, to make; very common Italian verb

dissertazione

dees-sehr-tah-TSYOH-neh — Dissertation; a lengthy formal speech or essay

su

soo — On, about, up; common Italian preposition

sentiva

sen-TEE-vah — He/she felt or sensed something strongly

obbligo

OB-blee-goh — Obligation, duty; something one must do

difendere

dee-FEN-deh-reh — To defend; to protect or justify something

le

leh — The; feminine plural definite article

sue

SOO-eh — His/her; feminine plural possessive adjective

affermazioni

af-fehr-mah-TSYOH-nee — Statements, assertions; things declared to be true

Ricco

REEK-koh — Rich; having great wealth or abundance

Beh

beh — Well; interjection expressing hesitation or commentary

è

eh — Is; third-person singular of essere

povero

POH-veh-roh — Poor; lacking money or material resources

Ha

ah — Has; third-person singular present of avere

fino

FEE-noh — Up to, until; indicating a limit or extent

trenta

TREN-tah — Thirty; the cardinal number 30

ipoteche

ee-poh-TEH-keh — Mortgages; loans secured against property

sparse

SPAR-seh — Scattered, spread out; distributed in various places

tra

trah — Between, among; preposition indicating position

i

ee — The; masculine plural definite article

contadini

kon-tah-DEE-nee — Peasants, farmers; rural agricultural workers

alcune

ahl-KOO-neh — Some, a few; feminine plural indefinite adjective

terreni

tehr-REH-nee — Lands, plots; parcels of ground or terrain

sul

sool — On the; masculine singular contracted preposition

bestiame

bes-TYAH-meh — Livestock, cattle; farm animals kept collectively

Come

KOH-meh — How, as; interrogative or comparative adverb

ha

ah — Has; third-person singular of avere

fatto

FAT-toh — Done, made; past participle of fare

soldi

SOL-dee — Money; coins or cash in general usage

sorpresa

sor-PREH-zah — Surprise; an unexpected event or reaction

Pelli

PEL-lee — Hides, skins; plural of pelle in trade

lana

LAH-nah — Wool; fiber from sheep used in textiles

corteccia

kor-TET-chah — Bark; the outer covering of a tree

rigirate

ree-jee-RAH-teh — Turned over, flipped; repeatedly rotated or handled

rastrellate

ras-trel-LAH-teh — Raked, gathered; collected with a rake tool

Carica

KAH-ree-kah — Load up; imperative of caricare meaning to load

carro

KAR-roh — Cart, wagon; a vehicle for transporting goods

porta

POR-tah — Brings, carries; third-person singular of portare

giù

joo — Down; adverb indicating downward direction

con

kon — With; preposition indicating accompaniment or means

quella

KWEL-lah — That; feminine singular demonstrative adjective

squadra

SKWAH-drah — Team, squad; a group working together

sei

say — Six; the cardinal number 6

cavalli

kah-VAL-lee — Horses; plural of cavallo

ubriaca

oo-BRYAH-kah — Drunk; a woman who is intoxicated

rimane

ree-MAH-neh — Remains, stays; third-person singular of rimanere

sobrio

SOH-bryoh — Sober; not intoxicated, clear-headed and temperate

risparmia

rees-PAR-myah — Saves, economizes; third-person singular of risparmiare

cominciò

koh-meen-CHOH — He/she began; past simple of cominciare

intagliare

een-tahl-YAH-reh — To carve, to whittle; shaping wood with tools

alcuni

ahl-KOO-nee — Some, a few; masculine plural indefinite adjective

pioli

PYOH-lee — Rungs, pegs; small wooden pins or ladder steps

legno

LEH-nyoh — Wood; the hard material from trees

la

lah — The; feminine singular definite article

sua

SOO-ah — His, her; feminine singular possessive adjective

ascia

AH-shah — Axe, hatchet; a tool for chopping wood

poiché

poy-KEH — Since, because; causal conjunction explaining a reason

chiodi

KYOH-dee — Nails; metal fasteners used in construction

erano

EH-rah-noh — Were; third-person plural past of essere

rari

RAH-ree — Rare, scarce; not commonly found or available

quei

KWEH-ee — Those; masculine plural demonstrative adjective

giorni

JOR-nee — Days; plural of giorno

indugiava

een-doo-JAH-vah — He/she lingered or hesitated, taking time slowly

ancora

ahn-KOH-rah — Still, yet, again; adverb indicating continuation

dal

dahl — From the; masculine singular contracted preposition

intendevi

een-ten-DEH-vee — You meant, you intended; imperfect of intendere

volpe

VOL-peh — Fox; a clever wild canine animal

oche

OH-keh — Geese; plural of oca, domestic waterfowl

poco

POH-koh — A little, few; small quantity or degree

rise

REE-zeh — Laughed; third-person singular past of ridere

apparteneva

ap-par-teh-NEH-vah — He/she belonged to; imperfect of appartenere

alla

AL-lah — To the; feminine singular contracted preposition

Chiesa

KYEH-zah — Church; a Christian religious institution or building

ufficiale

oof-fee-CHAH-leh — Official; formal, sanctioned by authority

politicamente

poh-lee-tee-kah-MEN-teh — Politically; in a manner relating to politics

ammirava

am-mee-RAH-vah — He/she admired; imperfect of ammirare

Generale

jeh-neh-RAH-leh — General; a high-ranking military officer

diresti

dee-RES-tee — You would say; conditional of dire

se

seh — If; conditional conjunction introducing hypothesis

Presidente

preh-zee-DEN-teh — President; head of a state or organization

del

del — Of the; masculine singular contracted preposition

prossimo

PROS-see-moh — Next, nearest; the upcoming one in sequence

Consiglio

kon-SEE-lyoh — Council, board; a governing or advisory group

degli

DEH-lyee — Of the; masculine plural contracted preposition

Amministratori

am-mee-nees-trah-TOH-ree — Administrators, trustees; people managing an organization