History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire — Volume 1 — Page 8

Vocabulary

すべて

subete — All, everything, the whole of something

の

no — Possessive or linking particle connecting nouns

国

kuni — Country, nation, land

歴史

rekishi — History, the record of past events

は

wa — Topic-marking particle indicating the subject

完全

kanzen — Complete, perfect, total, without flaw

で

de — Particle indicating means, location, or state

ある

aru — To be, to exist (for inanimate things)

ため

tame — For the sake of, in order to, because

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, time, or purpose

意味

imi — Meaning, significance, sense of something

において

ni oite — In, at, regarding a particular context or place

ヨーロッパ

Yōroppa — Europe, the western continent

なけれ

nakere — Conditional stem of negative; if not (exists)

ば

ba — Conditional particle meaning if or when

なら

nara — Conditional form meaning if it is the case

ない

nai — Negative auxiliary; does not, is not

我々

wareware — We, us (formal, collective first-person pronoun)

最も

mottomo — Most, extremely (superlative adverb)

身近

mijika — Close at hand, familiar, personally relevant

な

na — Adjectival particle linking na-adjective to noun

出来事

dekigoto — Event, happening, occurrence, incident

を

wo — Object-marking particle indicating direct object

追跡

tsuiseki — Tracking, tracing, pursuit of something

する

suru — To do, to perform an action

どれ

dore — Which one, how (interrogative pronoun)

ほど

hodo — To the extent that, as much as, about

遠い

tooi — Far, distant, remote in space or time

地域

chiiki — Region, area, district, local zone

まで

made — Until, up to, as far as a point

遡る

sakanoboru — To go back in time, trace back, ascend

必要

hitsuyō — Necessary, required, essential, needed

が

ga — Subject-marking particle; but (conjunction)

か

ka — Question particle or expressing uncertainty

知る

shiru — To know, to learn, to become aware of

由

yoshi / yoru — Way, means, reason; derived from something

も

mo — Also, even, too (inclusive particle)

いかに

ikani — How, in what way, however much

一見

ikken — At first glance, apparently, on the surface

無関係

mukankei — Unrelated, irrelevant, having no connection

見える

mieru — To appear, to seem, to be visible

から

kara — From, because, after (particle/conjunction)

事柄

kotogara — Matter, affair, subject, thing in question

全体的

zentaiteki — Overall, general, comprehensive, whole-picture

経緯

keii — Background, circumstances, course of events

その

sono — That, the (demonstrative adjective)

方向性

hōkōsei — Directionality, overall direction, orientation

与える

ataeru — To give, to grant, to provide something

衝動

shōdō — Impulse, urge, sudden strong desire

生まれる

umareru — To be born, to arise, to come into being

しれ

shire — May, might (potential/uncertainty stem form)

古典的

kotenteki — Classical, traditional, relating to classic works

模範

mohan — Model, example, exemplary standard to follow

倣っ

naratt(e) — Following, imitating, modeling after something

て

te — Conjunctive particle connecting sequential actions

ローマ

Rōma — Rome, the city or Roman civilization

探究

tankyū — Inquiry, investigation, thorough exploration

分岐

bunki — Branch, divergence, fork in a path

中心点

chūshinden — Central point, focal point, center of focus

として

to shite — As, in the capacity of, treating as

そして

soshite — And then, and, furthermore (conjunction)

常に

tsuneni — Always, constantly, at all times

参照点

sanshōten — Reference point, a point used for comparison

位置付け

ichizuke — Positioning, placing, defining the role of

いる

iru — To be, to exist (for animate beings)

しかし

shikashi — However, but, nevertheless (conjunction)

それら

sorera — Those (things), those items previously mentioned

及ぶ

oyobu — To reach, to extend, to amount to

空間

kūkan — Space, room, spatial extent

計り知れ

hakari shire — Immeasurable, incalculable, impossible to fathom

こと

koto — Thing, matter, fact (nominalizer)

帝国

teikoku — Empire, imperial realm or dominion

衰退

suitai — Decline, decay, deterioration of power

へ

e — Directional particle indicating movement toward

と

to — And, with, quotation particle (conjunction)

向かう

mukau — To head toward, to face, to proceed to

原因

gen'in — Cause, reason, root of a problem

複雑

fukuzatsu — Complex, complicated, intricate in nature

混乱

konran — Confusion, chaos, disorder, turmoil

し

shi — Conjunctive form of suru; and, moreover

解きほぐし

tokihogushi — Unraveling, untangling, sorting out complexity

よう

yō — Seems like, in order to, appearance (auxiliary)

もの

mono — Thing, object, person (nominalizer/noun)

入り交じり

irimajiri — Mixed together, intermingled, blended chaotically

輪郭

rinkaku — Outline, contour, silhouette of something

定まら

sadamara — Not settled, not fixed (negative stem form)

群れ

mure — Group, horde, flock, swarm of beings

なし

nashi — Without, lacking, absence of something

押し寄せ

oshiyose — Surging forward, pressing in, flooding toward

絶えず

taezu — Constantly, without ceasing, continuously

地理的

chiriteki — Geographical, relating to geographic features

境界

kyōkai — Boundary, border, dividing line between areas

変え

kae — Changing, altering (stem form of kaeru)

自然

shizen — Nature, natural, spontaneous

際限

saigen — Limit, bound, end; often used as 'limitless'

なく

naku — Without, not having (negative adverbial form)

さ

sa — Nominalizing suffix turning adjective into noun

せる

seru — Causative auxiliary; to make or let someone do

民族

minzoku — Ethnic group, people, nation, ethnic community

数

kazu / sū — Number, count, quantity

無数

musū — Countless, innumerable, infinite in number

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary verb marker

ところ

tokoro — Place, situation, just about to (noun)

時代

jidai — Era, age, period of history

全体

zentai — The whole, entirety, overall totality

世界

sekai — World, the entire earth or universe

全

zen — All, entire, complete (prefix)

状況

jōkyō — Situation, circumstances, current state of affairs

冒険者

bōkensha — Adventurer, explorer, one who seeks adventure

混沌

konton — Chaos, primordial disorder, utter confusion

以上

ijō — More than, above, beyond a certain point

確か

tashika — Certain, sure, reliable, probably

足場

ashiba — Foothold, scaffold, stable base or footing

提供

teikyō — Provision, supply, offering something to someone

思わ

omowa — Think, consider (negative/passive stem form)

れる

reru — Passive or potential auxiliary verb suffix

取り返し

torikaeshi — Recovery, retrieval; often 'irreversible' in context

つか

tsuka — Attach, grasp; negative form implies 'unrecoverable'

無秩序

muchitsujo — Disorder, anarchy, lack of order or structure

状態

jōtai — State, condition, situation, status

あり

ari — Is, exists (classical/literary form of aru)

詩人

shijin — Poet, one who writes poetry

言葉

kotoba — Word, language, speech, expression

よく

yoku — Well, often, skillfully, frequently

表現

hyōgen — Expression, representation, articulation of ideas

れ

re — Passive/potential stem; is expressed (passive)

果てし

hateshi — Endless, boundless (used in 果てしない)

暗い

kurai — Dark, gloomy, dim in light or mood

大洋

taiyō — Ocean, vast sea, great body of water

広がり

hirogari — Expanse, spread, extent of something wide

長さ

nagasa — Length, the measurement of something long

幅

haba — Width, breadth, range of something

高さ

takasa — Height, altitude, elevation of something

時間

jikan — Time, hours, duration of a period

場所

basho — Place, location, spot, venue

失わ

ushinawa — Lost, deprived of (passive stem of ushinau)

所

tokoro — Place, point, aspect, circumstance

そこ

soko — There, that place (near listener)

最古

saiko — Oldest, most ancient, earliest known

夜

yoru — Night, nighttime, the evening hours

祖先

sosen — Ancestor, forefather, progenitor of a lineage

絶え間

taema — Pause, break; often used as 'ceaseless' negated

戦争

sensō — War, warfare, armed conflict between groups

喧騒

kensō — Noise, clamor, bustle, loud commotion

中

naka — Inside, among, in the middle of

永遠

eien — Eternity, forever, everlasting, perpetual

無政府

museifu — Anarchy, absence of government or authority

保ち

tamochi — Maintaining, keeping, preserving a state

によって

ni yotte — By means of, due to, depending on

立っ

tatt(e) — Standing, being established (stem of tatsu)

この

kono — This (demonstrative adjective near speaker)

社会的

shakaiteki — Social, relating to society or community

包括

hōkatsu — Comprehensive inclusion, encompassing, embracing all

叙述

jojutsu — Narration, description, account of events

統一性

tōitsusei — Unity, coherence, the quality of being unified

調和

chōwa — Harmony, balance, accord between elements

ひとえ

hitoe — Solely, entirely, purely, only (adverb)

歴史家

rekishika — Historian, scholar who studies history

技量

giryō — Skill, ability, proficiency, technical competence

明晰

meiseki — Clear, lucid, sharp in thought or expression

構成

kōsei — Composition, structure, organization of parts

力

chikara — Power, strength, ability, force

による

ni yoru — Due to, based on, by means of

認め

mitome — Recognizing, acknowledging, admitting (stem form)

ざる

zaru — Classical negative attributive; one who does not

得

e / uru — Can, able to; must (in ざるを得ない pattern)