Leviathan — Page 5
If notwithstanding this, you find my labour generally decryed, you may be pleased to excuse your selfe, and say that I am a man that love my own opinions, and think all true I say, that I honoured your Brother, and honour you, and have presum'd on that, to assume the Title (without your knowledge) of being, as I am,
Si a pesar de esto, encontráis que mi labor es generalmente menospreciada, podréis tener a bien disculparos, y decir que soy un hombre que ama sus propias opiniones, y que cree verdadero todo lo que dice, que honré a vuestro Hermano, y os honro a vos, y me he atrevido en virtud de ello, a asumir el Título (sin vuestro conocimiento) de ser, como soy,
Sir,
Señor,
Your most humble, and most obedient servant, Thomas Hobbes.
Vuestro más humilde y más obediente servidor, Thomas Hobbes.
Paris APRILL 15/25 1651.
París, ABRIL 15/25 de 1651.
CONTENTS OF THE CHAPTERS
CONTENIDO DE LOS CAPÍTULOS
THE FIRST PART
LA PRIMERA PARTE
OF MAN
DEL HOMBRE
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCCIÓN
1. OF SENSE
1. DEL SENTIDO
2. OF IMAGINATION
2. DE LA IMAGINACIÓN
3. OF THE CONSEQUENCES OR TRAIN OF IMAGINATIONS
3. DE LAS CONSECUENCIAS O CADENA DE IMAGINACIONES
4. OF SPEECH
4. DEL LENGUAJE
5. OF REASON AND SCIENCE
5. DE LA RAZÓN Y LA CIENCIA
6. OF THE INTERIOUR BEGINNINGS OF VOLUNTARY MOTIONS, COMMONLY CALLED THE PASSIONS; AND THE SPEECHES BY WHICH THEY ARE EXPRESSED
6. DE LOS ORÍGENES INTERIORES DE LOS MOVIMIENTOS VOLUNTARIOS, COMÚNMENTE LLAMADOS LAS PASIONES; Y LOS DISCURSOS POR LOS QUE SE EXPRESAN
7. OF THE ENDS OR RESOLUTIONS OF DISCOURSE
7. DE LOS FINES O RESOLUCIONES DEL DISCURSO
8. OF THE VERTUES, COMMONLY CALLED INTELLECTUALL, AND THEIR CONTRARY DEFECTS
8. DE LAS VIRTUDES, COMÚNMENTE LLAMADAS INTELECTUALES, Y SUS CONTRARIOS DEFECTOS
9. OF THE SEVERALL SUBJECTS OF KNOWLEDGE
9. DE LOS DIVERSOS TEMAS DEL CONOCIMIENTO
10. OF POWER, WORTH, DIGNITY, HONOUR, AND WORTHINESSE
10. DEL PODER, EL VALOR, LA DIGNIDAD, EL HONOR Y EL MÉRITO
11. OF THE DIFFERENCE OF MANNERS
11. DE LA DIFERENCIA DE COSTUMBRES
12. OF RELIGION
12. DE LA RELIGIÓN
13. OF THE NATURALL CONDITION OF MANKIND AS CONCERNING THEIR FELICITY AND MISERY
13. DE LA CONDICIÓN NATURAL DE LA HUMANIDAD EN LO QUE RESPECTA A SU FELICIDAD Y SU MISERIA
14. OF THE FIRST AND SECOND NATURALL LAWES, AND OF CONTRACT
14. DE LA PRIMERA Y SEGUNDA LEYES NATURALES, Y DEL CONTRATO
15. OF OTHER LAWES OF NATURE
15. DE OTRAS LEYES DE LA NATURALEZA
16. OF PERSONS, AUTHORS, AND THINGS PERSONATED
16. DE LAS PERSONAS, LOS AUTORES Y LAS COSAS PERSONIFICADAS
THE SECOND PART
LA SEGUNDA PARTE
OF COMMON-WEALTH
DEL ESTADO
17. OF THE CAUSES, GENERATION, AND DEFINITION OF A COMMON-WEALTH
17. DE LAS CAUSAS, LA GÉNESIS Y LA DEFINICIÓN DE UN ESTADO
18. OF THE RIGHTS OF SOVERAIGNES BY INSTITUTION
18. DE LOS DERECHOS DE LOS SOBERANOS POR INSTITUCIÓN
19. OF SEVERALL KINDS OF COMMON-WEALTH BY INSTITUTION; AND OF SUCCESION TO THE SOVERAIGN POWER
19. DE LOS DIVERSOS TIPOS DE ESTADO POR INSTITUCIÓN; Y DE LA SUCESIÓN AL PODER SOBERANO
20.
20.
Vocabulary
- Si
- Conjunction meaning 'if' or 'whether' in Spanish.
- a
- Preposition meaning 'to' or 'at' in Spanish.
- pesar
- To weigh; also used in 'a pesar de' meaning 'despite'.
- de
- Preposition meaning 'of,' 'from,' or 'about'.
- esto
- Demonstrative pronoun meaning 'this thing' or 'this'.
- encontráis
- Second person plural form of 'encontrar,' meaning 'you find'.
- que
- Conjunction or relative pronoun meaning 'that' or 'which'.
- mi
- Possessive adjective meaning 'my' in Spanish.
- labor
- Work, task, or labor performed by someone.
- es
- Third person singular of 'ser,' meaning 'is'.
- generalmente
- Adverb meaning 'generally' or 'in most cases'.
- menospreciada
- Adjective meaning 'undervalued,' 'despised,' or 'looked down upon'.
- podréis
- Future tense second person plural of 'poder,' meaning 'you will be able'.
- tener
- Infinitive verb meaning 'to have' or 'to hold'.
- bien
- Adverb or noun meaning 'well,' 'good,' or 'fine'.
- disculparos
- Reflexive verb form meaning 'to excuse yourselves' or 'apologize'.
- y
- Conjunction meaning 'and,' connecting words or clauses.
- decir
- Infinitive verb meaning 'to say' or 'to tell'.
- soy
- First person singular of 'ser,' meaning 'I am'.
- un
- Indefinite article meaning 'a' or 'an' in Spanish.
- hombre
- Noun meaning 'man' or 'human being'.
- ama
- Third person singular of 'amar,' meaning 'loves' or 'cherishes'.
- sus
- Possessive adjective meaning 'his,' 'her,' 'their,' or 'your'.
- propias
- Adjective meaning 'own' or 'one's own,' feminine plural form.
- opiniones
- Noun meaning 'opinions' or 'views' held by someone.
- cree
- Third person singular of 'creer,' meaning 'believes' or 'thinks'.
- verdadero
- Adjective meaning 'true,' 'real,' or 'genuine'.
- todo
- Adjective or pronoun meaning 'all,' 'everything,' or 'every'.
- lo
- Neuter article or object pronoun meaning 'it' or 'the'.
- dice
- Third person singular of 'decir,' meaning 'says' or 'tells'.
- honré
- First person singular preterite of 'honrar,' meaning 'I honored'.
- vuestro
- Possessive adjective meaning 'your' (plural, formal in some regions).
- Hermano
- Noun meaning 'brother,' sometimes used as a fraternal address.
- os
- Second person plural reflexive or object pronoun meaning 'you' or 'yourselves'.
- honro
- First person singular present of 'honrar,' meaning 'I honor'.
- vos
- Second person pronoun meaning 'you,' used formally or regionally.
- me
- First person singular object pronoun meaning 'me' or 'myself'.
- he
- First person singular auxiliary 'haber,' meaning 'I have' (perfect tense).
- atrevido
- Past participle of 'atreverse,' meaning 'dared' or 'bold'.
- en
- Preposition meaning 'in,' 'on,' or 'at' in Spanish.
- virtud
- Noun meaning 'virtue'; also used in 'en virtud de' meaning 'by virtue of'.
- ello
- Neuter pronoun meaning 'it' referring to a situation or concept.
- asumir
- Infinitive verb meaning 'to assume' or 'to take on'.
- el
- Definite article meaning 'the' for masculine singular nouns.
- Título
- Noun meaning 'title,' a name or designation of rank.
- sin
- Preposition meaning 'without' in Spanish.
- conocimiento
- Noun meaning 'knowledge,' 'awareness,' or 'understanding'.
- ser
- Infinitive verb meaning 'to be,' indicating identity or essence.
- como
- Conjunction or adverb meaning 'as,' 'like,' or 'how'.
- Señor
- Noun meaning 'mister,' 'lord,' or 'sir,' a title of respect.
- Vuestro
- Possessive adjective meaning 'your' in plural or formal address.
- más
- Adverb or adjective meaning 'more' or 'most' in comparisons.
- humilde
- Adjective meaning 'humble,' 'modest,' or 'unassuming'.
- obediente
- Adjective meaning 'obedient' or 'compliant' in behavior.
- servidor
- Noun meaning 'servant' or 'server,' one who serves another.
- ABRIL
- Noun meaning 'April,' the fourth month of the year.
- CONTENIDO
- Noun meaning 'contents' or 'table of contents' of a text.
- DE
- Preposition meaning 'of' or 'from,' used in titles here.
- LOS
- Definite article meaning 'the' for masculine plural nouns.
- CAPÍTULOS
- Noun meaning 'chapters,' major divisions of a book or text.
- LA
- Definite article meaning 'the' for feminine singular nouns.
- PRIMERA
- Adjective meaning 'first,' feminine form indicating order or sequence.
- PARTE
- Noun meaning 'part' or 'section' of a larger work.
- DEL
- Contraction of 'de' and 'el,' meaning 'of the'.
- HOMBRE
- Noun meaning 'man' or 'mankind,' referring to humanity broadly.
- INTRODUCCIÓN
- Noun meaning 'introduction,' an opening section of a text.
- SENTIDO
- Noun meaning 'sense,' referring to perception or meaning.
- IMAGINACIÓN
- Noun meaning 'imagination,' the faculty of forming mental images.
- LAS
- Definite article meaning 'the' for feminine plural nouns.
- CONSECUENCIAS
- Noun meaning 'consequences' or 'results' of actions or thoughts.
- O
- Conjunction meaning 'or,' presenting an alternative option.
- CADENA
- Noun meaning 'chain,' here used metaphorically for a sequence.
- IMAGINACIONES
- Noun meaning 'imaginations' or 'mental images,' plural of imaginación.
- LENGUAJE
- Noun meaning 'language' or 'speech' as a system of communication.
- RAZÓN
- Noun meaning 'reason,' the faculty of logical thought.
- Y
- Conjunction meaning 'and,' connecting words or phrases.
- CIENCIA
- Noun meaning 'science' or 'knowledge,' systematic study of the world.
- ORÍGENES
- Noun meaning 'origins' or 'beginnings' of something.
- INTERIORES
- Adjective meaning 'interior' or 'inner,' referring to internal aspects.
- MOVIMIENTOS
- Noun meaning 'movements,' physical or internal motions.
- VOLUNTARIOS
- Adjective meaning 'voluntary,' done by one's own free will.
- COMÚNMENTE
- Adverb meaning 'commonly' or 'usually,' in most cases.
- LLAMADOS
- Past participle of 'llamar,' meaning 'called' or 'named'.
- PASIONES
- Noun meaning 'passions,' strong emotions or desires driving behavior.
- DISCURSOS
- Noun meaning 'discourses' or 'speeches,' extended verbal expressions.
- POR
- Preposition meaning 'by,' 'for,' or 'through' in Spanish.
- QUE
- Relative pronoun or conjunction meaning 'that,' 'which,' or 'who'.
- SE
- Reflexive pronoun used in passive or reflexive constructions in Spanish.
- EXPRESAN
- Third person plural of 'expresar,' meaning 'they express' or 'are expressed'.
- FINES
- Noun meaning 'ends,' 'goals,' or 'purposes' of an action.
- RESOLUCIONES
- Noun meaning 'resolutions' or 'decisions' made after deliberation.
- DISCURSO
- Noun meaning 'discourse' or 'speech,' a formal verbal expression.
- VIRTUDES
- Noun meaning 'virtues,' positive moral qualities or excellences.
- LLAMADAS
- Past participle feminine plural of 'llamar,' meaning 'called' or 'named'.
- INTELECTUALES
- Adjective meaning 'intellectual,' relating to the mind or reason.
- SUS
- Possessive adjective meaning 'their,' 'his,' 'her,' or 'its'.
- CONTRARIOS
- Noun or adjective meaning 'opposites' or 'contrary' qualities.
- DEFECTOS
- Noun meaning 'defects,' 'faults,' or 'shortcomings' in character.
- DIVERSOS
- Adjective meaning 'diverse,' 'various,' or 'several' in number.
- TEMAS
- Noun meaning 'themes' or 'topics' discussed in a text.
- CONOCIMIENTO
- Noun meaning 'knowledge' or 'understanding' acquired through learning.
- PODER
- Noun or verb meaning 'power' or 'to be able to'.
- EL
- Definite article meaning 'the' for masculine singular nouns.
- VALOR
- Noun meaning 'value,' 'worth,' or 'courage' depending on context.
- DIGNIDAD
- Noun meaning 'dignity,' the quality of being worthy or honorable.
- HONOR
- Noun meaning 'honor,' high respect and esteem given to someone.
- MÉRITO
- Noun meaning 'merit,' the quality of deserving praise or reward.
- DIFERENCIA
- Noun meaning 'difference,' a distinction between two or more things.
- COSTUMBRES
- Noun meaning 'customs' or 'habits,' established social practices.
- RELIGIÓN
- Noun meaning 'religion,' a system of faith and worship.
- CONDICIÓN
- Noun meaning 'condition' or 'state,' circumstances of existence.
- NATURAL
- Adjective meaning 'natural,' existing in or caused by nature.
- HUMANIDAD
- Noun meaning 'humanity' or 'humankind,' all human beings collectively.
- EN
- Preposition meaning 'in' or 'on,' indicating location or state.
- LO
- Neuter article or pronoun meaning 'the' or 'it' in Spanish.
- RESPECTA
- Third person singular of 'respectar,' meaning 'concerns' or 'relates to'.
- A
- Preposition meaning 'to' or 'at,' indicating direction or relation.
- SU
- Possessive adjective meaning 'his,' 'her,' 'its,' or 'their'.
- FELICIDAD
- Noun meaning 'happiness' or 'felicity,' a state of well-being.
- MISERIA
- Noun meaning 'misery' or 'wretchedness,' a state of great suffering.
- SEGUNDA
- Adjective meaning 'second,' feminine form indicating order.
- LEYES
- Noun meaning 'laws,' rules established by authority or nature.
- NATURALES
- Adjective meaning 'natural,' pertaining to or derived from nature.
- CONTRATO
- Noun meaning 'contract,' a formal binding agreement between parties.
- OTRAS
- Adjective meaning 'other' or 'others,' feminine plural form.
- NATURALEZA
- Noun meaning 'nature,' the physical world or inherent character.
- PERSONAS
- Noun meaning 'persons' or 'people,' individual human beings.
- AUTORES
- Noun meaning 'authors' or 'originators,' those who create or authorize.
- COSAS
- Noun meaning 'things,' objects or matters of any kind.
- PERSONIFICADAS
- Adjective meaning 'personified,' represented as having human characteristics.
- ESTADO
- Noun meaning 'state,' a political community or condition of being.
- CAUSAS
- Noun meaning 'causes,' reasons or origins behind events or effects.
- GÉNESIS
- Noun meaning 'genesis' or 'origin,' the beginning or creation of something.
- DEFINICIÓN
- Noun meaning 'definition,' an explanation of a word or concept.
- UN
- Indefinite article meaning 'a' or 'an' for masculine nouns.
- DERECHOS
- Noun meaning 'rights,' entitlements belonging to individuals or groups.
- SOBERANOS
- Adjective or noun meaning 'sovereign,' supreme rulers or ruling authority.
- INSTITUCIÓN
- Noun meaning 'institution,' an established organization or foundational act.
- TIPOS
- Noun meaning 'types' or 'kinds,' categories of a broader group.
- SUCESIÓN
- Noun meaning 'succession,' the process of following or inheriting power.
- AL
- Contraction of 'a' and 'el,' meaning 'to the'.
- SOBERANO
- Noun meaning 'sovereign,' a supreme ruler of a state.
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