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English → Fr Preface Level 9/10

LEVIATHAN

LÉVIATHAN

By Thomas Hobbes

Par Thomas Hobbes

1651

1651

LEVIATHAN OR THE MATTER, FORME, & POWER OF A COMMON-WEALTH ECCLESIASTICAL AND CIVILL

LÉVIATHAN OU LA MATIÈRE, LA FORME ET LE POUVOIR D'UN COMMONWEALTH ECCLÉSIASTIQUE ET CIVIL

Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury

Thomas Hobbes de Malmesbury

Printed for Andrew Crooke, at the Green Dragon in St. Paul's Churchyard, 1651.

Imprimé pour Andrew Crooke, au Green Dragon dans le cimetière de la cathédrale Saint-Paul, 1651.

TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES ON THE E-TEXT:

NOTES DU TRANSCRIPTEUR SUR LE TEXTE ÉLECTRONIQUE :

This E-text was prepared from the Pelican Classics edition of Leviathan, which in turn was prepared from the first edition.

Ce texte électronique a été préparé à partir de l'édition Pelican Classics du Léviathan, qui elle-même avait été préparée à partir de la première édition.

I have tried to follow as closely as possible the original, and to give the flavour of the text that Hobbes himself proof-read, but the following differences were unavoidable.

J'ai essayé de suivre l'original aussi fidèlement que possible, et de restituer la saveur du texte que Hobbes lui-même a relu, mais les différences suivantes étaient inévitables.

Hobbes used capitals and italics very extensively, for emphasis, for proper names, for quotations, and sometimes, it seems, just because.

Hobbes utilisait très abondamment les majuscules et les italiques, pour souligner, pour les noms propres, pour les citations, et parfois, semble-t-il, sans raison particulière.

The original has very extensive margin notes, which are used to show where he introduces the definitions of words and concepts, to give in short the subject that a paragraph or section is dealing with, and to give references to his quotations, largely but not exclusively biblical.

L'original comporte de très nombreuses notes de marge, qui servent à indiquer où il introduit les définitions de mots et de concepts, à donner en bref le sujet traité par un paragraphe ou une section, et à fournir des références à ses citations, en grande partie mais pas exclusivement bibliques.

To some degree, these margin notes seem to have been intended to serve in place of an index, the original having none.

Dans une certaine mesure, ces notes de marge semblent avoir été destinées à tenir lieu d'index, l'original n'en ayant aucun.

They are all in italics.

Elles sont toutes en italique.

He also used italics for words in other languages than English, and there are a number of Greek words, in the Greek alphabet, in the text.

Il utilisait également l'italique pour les mots dans d'autres langues que l'anglais, et l'on trouve dans le texte un certain nombre de mots grecs, en alphabet grec.

To deal with these within the limits of plain vanilla ASCII, I have done the following in this E-text.

Pour traiter ces éléments dans les limites de l'ASCII ordinaire, j'ai procédé comme suit dans ce texte électronique.

Vocabulary

Par
By; used to indicate authorship
OU
Or; conjunction indicating an alternative
LA
The; feminine definite article
MATIÈRE
Matter; physical substance or subject matter
FORME
Form; shape or structure of something
ET
And; coordinating conjunction linking elements
LE
The; masculine definite article
POUVOIR
Power; authority or ability to act
D'
Of; contracted preposition before a vowel
UN
A; masculine indefinite article meaning one
ECCLÉSIASTIQUE
Ecclesiastical; relating to the church or clergy
CIVIL
Civil; relating to citizens or civic society
de
Of; preposition indicating origin or belonging
Imprimé
Printed; produced in published form
pour
For; preposition indicating purpose or recipient
au
At the; contracted masculine definite article with à
Dragon
Dragon; mythical fire-breathing creature
dans
In; preposition indicating location inside something
le
The; masculine singular definite article
cimetière
Cemetery; place where the dead are buried
la
The; feminine singular definite article
cathédrale
Cathedral; principal church of a bishop's diocese
Saint-
Saint; title prefixed to a holy person's name
NOTES
Notes; written remarks or annotations
DU
Of the; contracted masculine definite article with de
TRANSCRIPTEUR
Transcriber; person who transcribes a text
SUR
On; preposition indicating position or topic
TEXTE
Text; written or printed body of words
ÉLECTRONIQUE
Electronic; relating to electronic technology or media
Ce
This; demonstrative adjective for masculine nouns
texte
Text; written or printed body of words
électronique
Electronic; existing or transmitted in digital form
a
Has; third-person singular of avoir (to have)
été
Been; past participle of être (to be)
préparé
Prepared; made ready or produced beforehand
à
From; preposition indicating origin or starting point
partir
Starting; used in à partir de meaning from
l'
The; definite article contracted before a vowel
édition
Edition; published version of a book or text
du
Of the; contracted masculine definite article with de
qui
Which; relative pronoun referring to a thing
elle-
She/it; feminine third-person pronoun
même
Same/itself; used for emphasis or identity
avait
Had; third-person singular imperfect of avoir
préparée
Prepared; past participle, feminine form of préparer
première
First; feminine ordinal adjective meaning first
J'
I; first-person singular pronoun before a vowel
ai
Have; first-person singular present of avoir
essayé
Tried; past participle of essayer (to try)
suivre
To follow; infinitive verb meaning to follow
original
Original; the first or authentic version of something
aussi
As; adverb used in comparisons meaning as/also
fidèlement
Faithfully; in a faithful or accurate manner
que
As/that; conjunction or relative pronoun
possible
Possible; able to be done or achieved
et
And; coordinating conjunction linking words or clauses
restituer
To restore; to give back original character or form
saveur
Flavor; distinctive taste or quality of something
lui-
It/him; third-person pronoun used for emphasis
relu
Reread; past participle of relire (to reread)
mais
But; conjunction introducing a contrast or exception
les
The; plural definite article for all genders
différences
Differences; ways in which things are not alike
suivantes
Following; adjective meaning the ones that come after
étaient
Were; third-person plural imperfect of être
inévitables
Inevitable; impossible to avoid or prevent
utilisait
Used; third-person singular imperfect of utiliser
très
Very; adverb intensifying an adjective or adverb
abondamment
Abundantly; in large quantities or to a great degree
majuscules
Capital letters; uppercase letters in a text
italiques
Italics; slanted typeface used for emphasis
souligner
To underline; to emphasize or highlight something
noms
Names; words used to identify persons or things
propres
Proper; adjective describing proper nouns or names
citations
Quotations; passages quoted from another source
parfois
Sometimes; occasionally, not always
semble-
Seems; third-person singular of sembler (to seem)
il
It/he; third-person masculine singular pronoun
sans
Without; preposition indicating absence of something
raison
Reason; cause or justification for an action
particulière
Particular; specific or special in nature
L'
The; definite article contracted before a vowel
comporte
Contains; third-person singular of comporter (to contain)
nombreuses
Numerous; existing in large numbers
notes
Notes; brief written remarks or annotations
marge
Margin; blank space at the edge of a page
servent
Serve; third-person plural of servir (to serve)
indiquer
To indicate; to show or point out something
Where; relative or interrogative adverb of place
introduit
Introduces; third-person singular of introduire
définitions
Definitions; explanations of the meaning of words
mots
Words; units of language carrying meaning
concepts
Concepts; abstract ideas or general notions
donner
To give; infinitive meaning to provide or offer
en
In; preposition indicating manner or location
bref
Brief; short, concise summary or description
sujet
Subject; topic or matter being discussed
traité
Treated/discussed; past participle of traiter
par
By; preposition indicating agent or means
un
A; masculine indefinite article meaning one
paragraphe
Paragraph; distinct section of a written text
ou
Or; conjunction presenting an alternative choice
une
A; feminine indefinite article meaning one
section
Section; a distinct part of a larger text
fournir
To provide; to supply or furnish something
des
Some; plural indefinite article or partitive
références
References; citations or sources consulted
ses
His/her/its; possessive adjective, plural form
grande
Large; feminine adjective meaning great or large
partie
Part; a portion or share of a whole
pas
Not; negative adverb used with ne
exclusivement
Exclusively; only, to the exclusion of others
bibliques
Biblical; relating to or from the Bible
Dans
In; preposition indicating location or context
certaine
Certain; some, a particular degree or extent
mesure
Measure; extent or degree of something
ces
These/those; plural demonstrative adjective
semblent
Seem; third-person plural of sembler (to seem)
avoir
To have; infinitive of the auxiliary verb avoir
destinées
Intended; past participle of destiner, feminine plural
tenir
To hold; infinitive meaning to keep or serve as
lieu
Place; used in tenir lieu de meaning to serve as
d'
Of; contracted preposition before a vowel sound
index
Index; alphabetical list for finding topics in a book
n'
Not; first part of negation before a vowel
ayant
Having; present participle of avoir (to have)
aucun
None/no; negative adjective meaning not any
Elles
They; third-person feminine plural pronoun
sont
Are; third-person plural present of être (to be)
toutes
All; feminine plural of tout meaning all
italique
Italic; slanted typestyle used for emphasis
Il
He/it; third-person masculine singular pronoun
également
Also/equally; adverb meaning as well or also
autres
Other; adjective meaning different or additional ones
langues
Languages; systems of communication used by people
anglais
English; the language spoken in England
on
One/we; indefinite third-person singular pronoun
trouve
Finds; third-person singular of trouver (to find)
certain
Certain; a specific or particular number or amount
nombre
Number; a quantity or count of something
grecs
Greek; relating to Greece or its language
alphabet
Alphabet; ordered set of letters used in writing
grec
Greek; the language or script of ancient Greece
Pour
To/for; preposition indicating purpose or goal
traiter
To handle; to deal with or process something
éléments
Elements; individual parts or components of a whole
limites
Limits; boundaries or constraints of something
ordinaire
Ordinary; standard, common, not special
j'
I; first-person singular pronoun before a vowel
procédé
Proceeded; past participle of procéder (to proceed)
comme
As/like; conjunction or preposition of comparison
suit
Follows; third-person singular of suivre (to follow)
ce
This; demonstrative adjective for masculine nouns
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