Leviathan — Page 1
LEVIATHAN
LÉVIATHAN
By Thomas Hobbes
Par Thomas Hobbes
1651
1651
LEVIATHAN OR THE MATTER, FORME, & POWER OF A COMMON-WEALTH ECCLESIASTICAL AND CIVILL
LÉVIATHAN OU LA MATIÈRE, LA FORME ET LE POUVOIR D'UN COMMONWEALTH ECCLÉSIASTIQUE ET CIVIL
Thomas Hobbes of Malmesbury
Thomas Hobbes de Malmesbury
Printed for Andrew Crooke, at the Green Dragon in St. Paul's Churchyard, 1651.
Imprimé pour Andrew Crooke, au Green Dragon dans le cimetière de la cathédrale Saint-Paul, 1651.
TRANSCRIBER'S NOTES ON THE E-TEXT:
NOTES DU TRANSCRIPTEUR SUR LE TEXTE ÉLECTRONIQUE :
This E-text was prepared from the Pelican Classics edition of Leviathan, which in turn was prepared from the first edition.
Ce texte électronique a été préparé à partir de l'édition Pelican Classics du Léviathan, qui elle-même avait été préparée à partir de la première édition.
I have tried to follow as closely as possible the original, and to give the flavour of the text that Hobbes himself proof-read, but the following differences were unavoidable.
J'ai essayé de suivre l'original aussi fidèlement que possible, et de restituer la saveur du texte que Hobbes lui-même a relu, mais les différences suivantes étaient inévitables.
Hobbes used capitals and italics very extensively, for emphasis, for proper names, for quotations, and sometimes, it seems, just because.
Hobbes utilisait très abondamment les majuscules et les italiques, pour souligner, pour les noms propres, pour les citations, et parfois, semble-t-il, sans raison particulière.
The original has very extensive margin notes, which are used to show where he introduces the definitions of words and concepts, to give in short the subject that a paragraph or section is dealing with, and to give references to his quotations, largely but not exclusively biblical.
L'original comporte de très nombreuses notes de marge, qui servent à indiquer où il introduit les définitions de mots et de concepts, à donner en bref le sujet traité par un paragraphe ou une section, et à fournir des références à ses citations, en grande partie mais pas exclusivement bibliques.
To some degree, these margin notes seem to have been intended to serve in place of an index, the original having none.
Dans une certaine mesure, ces notes de marge semblent avoir été destinées à tenir lieu d'index, l'original n'en ayant aucun.
They are all in italics.
Elles sont toutes en italique.
He also used italics for words in other languages than English, and there are a number of Greek words, in the Greek alphabet, in the text.
Il utilisait également l'italique pour les mots dans d'autres langues que l'anglais, et l'on trouve dans le texte un certain nombre de mots grecs, en alphabet grec.
To deal with these within the limits of plain vanilla ASCII, I have done the following in this E-text.
Pour traiter ces éléments dans les limites de l'ASCII ordinaire, j'ai procédé comme suit dans ce texte électronique.
Vocabulary
- Par
- By; used to indicate authorship
- OU
- Or; conjunction indicating an alternative
- LA
- The; feminine definite article
- MATIÈRE
- Matter; physical substance or subject matter
- FORME
- Form; shape or structure of something
- ET
- And; coordinating conjunction linking elements
- LE
- The; masculine definite article
- POUVOIR
- Power; authority or ability to act
- D'
- Of; contracted preposition before a vowel
- UN
- A; masculine indefinite article meaning one
- ECCLÉSIASTIQUE
- Ecclesiastical; relating to the church or clergy
- CIVIL
- Civil; relating to citizens or civic society
- de
- Of; preposition indicating origin or belonging
- Imprimé
- Printed; produced in published form
- pour
- For; preposition indicating purpose or recipient
- au
- At the; contracted masculine definite article with à
- Dragon
- Dragon; mythical fire-breathing creature
- dans
- In; preposition indicating location inside something
- le
- The; masculine singular definite article
- cimetière
- Cemetery; place where the dead are buried
- la
- The; feminine singular definite article
- cathédrale
- Cathedral; principal church of a bishop's diocese
- Saint-
- Saint; title prefixed to a holy person's name
- NOTES
- Notes; written remarks or annotations
- DU
- Of the; contracted masculine definite article with de
- TRANSCRIPTEUR
- Transcriber; person who transcribes a text
- SUR
- On; preposition indicating position or topic
- TEXTE
- Text; written or printed body of words
- ÉLECTRONIQUE
- Electronic; relating to electronic technology or media
- Ce
- This; demonstrative adjective for masculine nouns
- texte
- Text; written or printed body of words
- électronique
- Electronic; existing or transmitted in digital form
- a
- Has; third-person singular of avoir (to have)
- été
- Been; past participle of être (to be)
- préparé
- Prepared; made ready or produced beforehand
- à
- From; preposition indicating origin or starting point
- partir
- Starting; used in à partir de meaning from
- l'
- The; definite article contracted before a vowel
- édition
- Edition; published version of a book or text
- du
- Of the; contracted masculine definite article with de
- qui
- Which; relative pronoun referring to a thing
- elle-
- She/it; feminine third-person pronoun
- même
- Same/itself; used for emphasis or identity
- avait
- Had; third-person singular imperfect of avoir
- préparée
- Prepared; past participle, feminine form of préparer
- première
- First; feminine ordinal adjective meaning first
- J'
- I; first-person singular pronoun before a vowel
- ai
- Have; first-person singular present of avoir
- essayé
- Tried; past participle of essayer (to try)
- suivre
- To follow; infinitive verb meaning to follow
- original
- Original; the first or authentic version of something
- aussi
- As; adverb used in comparisons meaning as/also
- fidèlement
- Faithfully; in a faithful or accurate manner
- que
- As/that; conjunction or relative pronoun
- possible
- Possible; able to be done or achieved
- et
- And; coordinating conjunction linking words or clauses
- restituer
- To restore; to give back original character or form
- saveur
- Flavor; distinctive taste or quality of something
- lui-
- It/him; third-person pronoun used for emphasis
- relu
- Reread; past participle of relire (to reread)
- mais
- But; conjunction introducing a contrast or exception
- les
- The; plural definite article for all genders
- différences
- Differences; ways in which things are not alike
- suivantes
- Following; adjective meaning the ones that come after
- étaient
- Were; third-person plural imperfect of être
- inévitables
- Inevitable; impossible to avoid or prevent
- utilisait
- Used; third-person singular imperfect of utiliser
- très
- Very; adverb intensifying an adjective or adverb
- abondamment
- Abundantly; in large quantities or to a great degree
- majuscules
- Capital letters; uppercase letters in a text
- italiques
- Italics; slanted typeface used for emphasis
- souligner
- To underline; to emphasize or highlight something
- noms
- Names; words used to identify persons or things
- propres
- Proper; adjective describing proper nouns or names
- citations
- Quotations; passages quoted from another source
- parfois
- Sometimes; occasionally, not always
- semble-
- Seems; third-person singular of sembler (to seem)
- il
- It/he; third-person masculine singular pronoun
- sans
- Without; preposition indicating absence of something
- raison
- Reason; cause or justification for an action
- particulière
- Particular; specific or special in nature
- L'
- The; definite article contracted before a vowel
- comporte
- Contains; third-person singular of comporter (to contain)
- nombreuses
- Numerous; existing in large numbers
- notes
- Notes; brief written remarks or annotations
- marge
- Margin; blank space at the edge of a page
- servent
- Serve; third-person plural of servir (to serve)
- indiquer
- To indicate; to show or point out something
- où
- Where; relative or interrogative adverb of place
- introduit
- Introduces; third-person singular of introduire
- définitions
- Definitions; explanations of the meaning of words
- mots
- Words; units of language carrying meaning
- concepts
- Concepts; abstract ideas or general notions
- donner
- To give; infinitive meaning to provide or offer
- en
- In; preposition indicating manner or location
- bref
- Brief; short, concise summary or description
- sujet
- Subject; topic or matter being discussed
- traité
- Treated/discussed; past participle of traiter
- par
- By; preposition indicating agent or means
- un
- A; masculine indefinite article meaning one
- paragraphe
- Paragraph; distinct section of a written text
- ou
- Or; conjunction presenting an alternative choice
- une
- A; feminine indefinite article meaning one
- section
- Section; a distinct part of a larger text
- fournir
- To provide; to supply or furnish something
- des
- Some; plural indefinite article or partitive
- références
- References; citations or sources consulted
- ses
- His/her/its; possessive adjective, plural form
- grande
- Large; feminine adjective meaning great or large
- partie
- Part; a portion or share of a whole
- pas
- Not; negative adverb used with ne
- exclusivement
- Exclusively; only, to the exclusion of others
- bibliques
- Biblical; relating to or from the Bible
- Dans
- In; preposition indicating location or context
- certaine
- Certain; some, a particular degree or extent
- mesure
- Measure; extent or degree of something
- ces
- These/those; plural demonstrative adjective
- semblent
- Seem; third-person plural of sembler (to seem)
- avoir
- To have; infinitive of the auxiliary verb avoir
- destinées
- Intended; past participle of destiner, feminine plural
- tenir
- To hold; infinitive meaning to keep or serve as
- lieu
- Place; used in tenir lieu de meaning to serve as
- d'
- Of; contracted preposition before a vowel sound
- index
- Index; alphabetical list for finding topics in a book
- n'
- Not; first part of negation before a vowel
- ayant
- Having; present participle of avoir (to have)
- aucun
- None/no; negative adjective meaning not any
- Elles
- They; third-person feminine plural pronoun
- sont
- Are; third-person plural present of être (to be)
- toutes
- All; feminine plural of tout meaning all
- italique
- Italic; slanted typestyle used for emphasis
- Il
- He/it; third-person masculine singular pronoun
- également
- Also/equally; adverb meaning as well or also
- autres
- Other; adjective meaning different or additional ones
- langues
- Languages; systems of communication used by people
- anglais
- English; the language spoken in England
- on
- One/we; indefinite third-person singular pronoun
- trouve
- Finds; third-person singular of trouver (to find)
- certain
- Certain; a specific or particular number or amount
- nombre
- Number; a quantity or count of something
- grecs
- Greek; relating to Greece or its language
- alphabet
- Alphabet; ordered set of letters used in writing
- grec
- Greek; the language or script of ancient Greece
- Pour
- To/for; preposition indicating purpose or goal
- traiter
- To handle; to deal with or process something
- éléments
- Elements; individual parts or components of a whole
- limites
- Limits; boundaries or constraints of something
- ordinaire
- Ordinary; standard, common, not special
- j'
- I; first-person singular pronoun before a vowel
- procédé
- Proceeded; past participle of procéder (to proceed)
- comme
- As/like; conjunction or preposition of comparison
- suit
- Follows; third-person singular of suivre (to follow)
- ce
- This; demonstrative adjective for masculine nouns
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