Leviathan — Page 8
For by Art is created that great LEVIATHAN called a COMMON-WEALTH, or STATE, (in latine CIVITAS) which is but an Artificiall Man; though of greater stature and strength than the Naturall, for whose protection and defence it was intended; and in which, the Soveraignty is an Artificiall Soul, as giving life and motion to the whole body;
Poiché per mezzo dell'Arte viene creato quel grande LEVIATANO chiamato COMMON-WEALTH, o STATO, (in latino CIVITAS) che non è altro che un Uomo Artificiale; sebbene di statura e forza maggiori rispetto a quello Naturale, per la cui protezione e difesa fu concepito; e nel quale la Sovranità è un'Anima Artificiale, in quanto conferisce vita e movimento all'intero corpo;
The Magistrates, and other Officers of Judicature and Execution, artificiall Joynts; Reward and Punishment (by which fastned to the seat of the Soveraignty, every joynt and member is moved to performe his duty) are the Nerves, that do the same in the Body Naturall;
I Magistrati e gli altri Ufficiali della Giustizia e dell'Esecuzione sono le Articolazioni artificiali; Ricompensa e Punizione (per mezzo delle quali, essendo legate al seggio della Sovranità, ogni articolazione e membro è mosso a compiere il proprio dovere) sono i Nervi, che svolgono la medesima funzione nel Corpo Naturale;
The Wealth and Riches of all the particular members, are the Strength; Salus Populi (the Peoples Safety) its Businesse; Counsellors, by whom all things needfull for it to know, are suggested unto it, are the Memory; Equity and Lawes, an artificiall Reason and Will; Concord, Health; Sedition, Sicknesse; and Civill War, Death.
La Ricchezza e le Risorse di tutti i singoli membri sono la Forza; la Salus Populi (la Sicurezza del Popolo) è il suo Scopo; i Consiglieri, attraverso i quali le cose necessarie alla sua conoscenza le vengono suggerite, sono la Memoria; Equità e Leggi sono una Ragione e una Volontà artificiali; la Concordia è la Salute; la Sedizione è la Malattia; e la Guerra Civile è la Morte.
Lastly, the Pacts and Covenants, by which the parts of this Body Politique were at first made, set together, and united, resemble that Fiat, or the Let Us Make Man, pronounced by God in the Creation.
Infine, i Patti e i Contratti, attraverso i quali le parti di questo Corpo Politico furono in origine create, messe insieme e unite, assomigliano a quel Fiat, o al Facciamo l'Uomo, pronunciato da Dio nella Creazione.
To describe the Nature of this Artificiall man, I will consider
Per descrivere la Natura di questo Uomo Artificiale, prenderò in considerazione
First the Matter thereof, and the Artificer; both which is Man.
In primo luogo la sua Materia e l'Artefice; entrambi i quali sono l'Uomo.
Secondly, How, and by what Covenants it is made; what are the Rights and just Power or Authority of a Soveraigne; and what it is that Preserveth and Dissolveth it.
In secondo luogo, Come e attraverso quali Contratti esso viene costituito; quali siano i Diritti e il giusto Potere o l'Autorità di un Sovrano; e che cosa sia ciò che lo Preserva e lo Dissolve.
Thirdly, what is a Christian Common-Wealth.
In terzo luogo, che cos'è uno Stato Cristiano.
Vocabulary
- Poiché
- poi-ché — conjunction meaning 'since' or 'because'
- per
- per — preposition meaning 'for,' 'by,' or 'through'
- mezzo
- med-zo — means, medium, or middle; halfway point
- dell
- del — contracted preposition 'of the' before consonant
- Arte
- ar-te — art, skill, or craft used to create something
- viene
- vié-ne — third-person singular of 'venire,' meaning 'comes'
- creato
- cre-à-to — created, made, or brought into existence
- quel
- kwel — demonstrative adjective meaning 'that' before consonant
- grande
- gran-de — adjective meaning large, great, or important
- chiamato
- chia-mà-to — called or named; past participle of 'chiamare'
- STATO
- stà-to — state, nation, or political entity governed by law
- latino
- la-tì-no — Latin; language of ancient Rome used in scholarship
- altro
- àl-tro — other, another, or else; used in comparisons
- Uomo
- uò-mo — man, human being, or person
- Artificiale
- ar-ti-fi-ciàle — artificial, man-made, not occurring naturally
- sebbene
- seb-bé-ne — conjunction meaning 'although' or 'even though'
- statura
- sta-tù-ra — stature, height, or figurative greatness of a person
- forza
- fòr-tsa — force, strength, or power
- maggiori
- mag-giò-ri — greater, larger, or superior in size or degree
- rispetto
- ri-spèt-to — respect, or 'with respect to' in comparisons
- Naturale
- na-tu-rà-le — natural, occurring in nature without human intervention
- protezione
- pro-te-tsió-ne — protection, defense, or safeguarding of someone
- difesa
- di-fé-sa — defense or protection against threat or attack
- concepito
- con-ce-pì-to — conceived, designed, or planned; past participle
- Sovranità
- so-vra-ni-tà — sovereignty; supreme authority over a state or territory
- Anima
- à-ni-ma — soul, spirit, or animating principle of a being
- conferisce
- con-fe-rì-sce — confers, grants, or bestows something upon someone
- vita
- vì-ta — life, existence, or the state of being alive
- movimento
- mo-vi-mén-to — movement, motion, or organized activity
- intero
- in-té-ro — entire, whole, or complete without parts missing
- corpo
- còr-po — body, physical form of a person or organism
- Magistrati
- ma-gi-strà-ti — magistrates, judicial officers who administer the law
- Ufficiali
- uf-fi-ciàli — officials, officers holding positions of authority
- Giustizia
- giu-stì-tsia — justice, fairness, or the legal system
- Esecuzione
- e-se-cu-tsió-ne — execution, carrying out of law or orders
- Articolazioni
- ar-ti-co-la-tsió-ni — joints connecting body parts; articulations enabling movement
- artificiali
- ar-ti-fi-ciàli — artificial, man-made, engineered rather than natural
- Ricompensa
- ri-com-pén-sa — reward, compensation, or recompense for service
- Punizione
- pu-ni-tsió-ne — punishment, penalty imposed for wrongdoing
- legate
- le-gà-te — bound, tied, or connected to something else
- seggio
- séd-jo — seat, throne, or position of authority
- articolazione
- ar-ti-co-la-tsió-ne — joint or articulation; connection between structural parts
- membro
- mém-bro — member, limb, or part of a body or group
- mosso
- mòs-so — moved, set in motion; past participle of 'muovere'
- compiere
- com-pié-re — to carry out, accomplish, or perform a duty
- proprio
- pròp-rio — own, one's own; proper or particular to someone
- dovere
- do-vé-re — duty, obligation, or the verb 'must/to have to'
- Nervi
- nér-vi — nerves; filaments transmitting signals through the body
- svolgono
- svòl-go-no — carry out, perform, or fulfill a function
- medesima
- me-dé-si-ma — same, identical; formal synonym of 'stessa'
- funzione
- fun-tsió-ne — function, role, or purpose something performs
- Ricchezza
- rik-két-tsa — wealth, riches, or abundance of resources
- Risorse
- ri-sòr-se — resources, means, or available assets
- singoli
- sìn-go-li — individual, single, each separate member
- membri
- mém-bri — members, limbs, or parts of a body or group
- Sicurezza
- si-cu-rét-tsa — security, safety, or freedom from danger
- Popolo
- pò-po-lo — people, nation, or population of a state
- Scopo
- skò-po — aim, goal, or purpose of an action or entity
- Consiglieri
- con-si-gliéri — advisors, counselors who provide guidance to authority
- attraverso
- at-tra-vèr-so — through, across, or by means of something
- necessarie
- ne-ces-sà-rie — necessary, required, or indispensable things
- conoscenza
- co-no-scén-tsa — knowledge, understanding, or awareness of something
- vengono
- vén-go-no — they come; third-person plural of 'venire'
- suggerite
- sug-ge-rì-te — suggested, proposed, or prompted to someone
- Memoria
- me-mò-ria — memory, recollection, or capacity to remember
- Equità
- e-qui-tà — equity, fairness, or impartiality in judgment
- Leggi
- léd-ji — laws, statutes, or rules governing a society
- Ragione
- ra-jó-ne — reason, rational faculty, or logical argument
- Volontà
- vo-lon-tà — will, volition, or the power of choosing
- Concordia
- con-còr-dia — concord, harmony, or peaceful agreement among people
- Salute
- sa-lù-te — health, wellbeing; also used as a toast or greeting
- Sedizione
- sedition, incitement to rebel against state authority
- Malattia
- ma-lat-tì-a — illness, disease, or sickness affecting the body
- Guerra
- guér-ra — war, armed conflict between groups or nations
- Civile
- ci-vì-le — civil, relating to citizens or internal state affairs
- Morte
- mòr-te — death, the end of life or existence
- Infine
- in-fì-ne — finally, lastly, or in conclusion
- Patti
- pàt-ti — pacts, agreements, or covenants between parties
- Contratti
- con-tràt-ti — contracts, legally binding agreements between parties
- parti
- pàr-ti — parts, parties, or sides involved in an agreement
- Politico
- po-lì-ti-co — political, relating to government or state affairs
- furono
- fù-ro-no — they were; third-person plural past of 'essere'
- origine
- o-rì-gi-ne — origin, beginning, or source of something
- create
- cre-à-te — created, made; feminine plural past participle
- messe
- més-se — placed, put; feminine plural past participle of 'mettere'
- insieme
- in-sié-me — together, jointly, or as a unified whole
- unite
- u-nì-te — united, joined, or brought together as one
- assomigliano
- as-so-mi-gliàno — they resemble or look like something else
- Facciamo
- fac-ciàmo — let us make or do; first-person plural of 'fare'
- pronunciato
- pro-nun-ciàto — pronounced, uttered, or declared formally
- Dio
- dìo — God, the divine creator in religious tradition
- Creazione
- cre-a-tsió-ne — creation, the act of bringing something into existence
- descrivere
- de-scrì-ve-re — to describe, depict, or give an account of something
- Natura
- na-tù-ra — nature, the essential character or natural world
- prenderò
- pren-de-rò — I will take; first-person future of 'prendere'
- considerazione
- con-si-de-ra-tsió-ne — consideration, reflection, or careful examination of something
- primo
- prì-mo — first, primary, or foremost in order or importance
- luogo
- luò-go — place, location, or spot; 'in primo luogo' means firstly
- Materia
- ma-té-ria — matter, material, or subject of discussion
- Artefice
- ar-té-fi-ce — maker, craftsman, or artisan who creates something
- entrambi
- en-tràm-bi — both, referring to two things or people together
- secondo
- se-còn-do — second in order; also means 'according to'
- Come
- có-me — how, as, or like; used for comparisons or manner
- costituito
- co-sti-tuì-to — constituted, established, or set up formally
- siano
- sià-no — they be; third-person plural present subjunctive of 'essere'
- Diritti
- di-rìt-ti — rights, entitlements, or legal privileges of citizens
- giusto
- giùs-to — just, fair, correct, or righteous
- Potere
- po-té-re — power, authority, or the ability to act
- Autorità
- au-to-ri-tà — authority, official power, or right to command
- Sovrano
- so-vrà-no — sovereign, supreme ruler of a state
- cosa
- cò-sa — thing, object, or matter; also means 'what'
- sia
- sìa — be; third-person singular present subjunctive of 'essere'
- ciò
- cò — that, this; neuter demonstrative pronoun
- Preserva
- pre-sèr-va — preserves, maintains, or keeps something intact
- Dissolve
- dis-sòl-ve — dissolves, breaks apart, or brings to an end
- terzo
- tèr-tso — third, the ordinal number following second
- cos
- cos — truncated form of 'cosa' meaning 'what' in questions
- Cristiano
- cri-stiàno — Christian, relating to Christianity or a Christian state
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