Leviathan — Page 8
For by Art is created that great LEVIATHAN called a COMMON-WEALTH, or STATE, (in latine CIVITAS) which is but an Artificiall Man; though of greater stature and strength than the Naturall, for whose protection and defence it was intended; and in which, the Soveraignty is an Artificiall Soul, as giving life and motion to the whole body;
なぜなら、技術によって創り出されるのが、コモン・ウェルス、すなわち国家（ラテン語でキウィタス）と呼ばれる偉大なるリヴァイアサンであり、それはいわば人工の人間であるが、その保護と防衛のために意図された自然の人間よりも偉大な体格と力を持ち、その中において、主権は人工の魂として、全身体に生命と運動を与えるものであり；
The Magistrates, and other Officers of Judicature and Execution, artificiall Joynts; Reward and Punishment (by which fastned to the seat of the Soveraignty, every joynt and member is moved to performe his duty) are the Nerves, that do the same in the Body Naturall;
行政官および司法と執行のその他の官吏は人工の関節であり；報賞と刑罰（これによって主権の座に固定され、あらゆる関節と肢体がその義務を果たすよう動かされる）は、自然の身体においても同じ働きをする神経であり；
The Wealth and Riches of all the particular members, are the Strength; Salus Populi (the Peoples Safety) its Businesse; Counsellors, by whom all things needfull for it to know, are suggested unto it, are the Memory; Equity and Lawes, an artificiall Reason and Will; Concord, Health; Sedition, Sicknesse; and Civill War, Death.
すべての個々の構成員の富と財産は力であり；サルス・ポプリ（人民の安全）はその目的であり；それが知るべき必要なすべてのことを示唆する顧問官たちは記憶であり；衡平と法律は人工の理性と意志であり；協和は健康であり；扇動は病であり；内乱は死である。
Lastly, the Pacts and Covenants, by which the parts of this Body Politique were at first made, set together, and united, resemble that Fiat, or the Let Us Make Man, pronounced by God in the Creation.
最後に、この政治的身体の諸部分が最初に作られ、組み合わされ、結合されるに際しての契約と盟約は、創造において神が宣言された「然あれ」、すなわち「我々は人を造ろう」という言葉に相当するものである。
To describe the Nature of this Artificiall man, I will consider
この人工の人間の本性を描写するために、私は以下のことを考察する。
First the Matter thereof, and the Artificer; both which is Man.
第一に、その素材と製作者について。そのいずれも人間である。
Secondly, How, and by what Covenants it is made; what are the Rights and just Power or Authority of a Soveraigne; and what it is that Preserveth and Dissolveth it.
第二に、いかにして、いかなる盟約によってそれが作られるか；主権者の権利と正当な権力または権威とは何か；そしてそれを維持し解体するものは何かについて。
Thirdly, what is a Christian Common-Wealth.
第三に、キリスト教的コモン・ウェルスとは何かについて。
Vocabulary
- なぜなら
- nazenara — because; the reason being that
- 技術
- gijutsu — technology; technique; skill
- によって
- ni yotte — by means of; through; depending on
- 創り出される
- tsukuri dasareru — to be created; to be brought into existence
- のが
- no ga — nominalizer particle marking subject of clause
- すなわち
- sunawachi — that is; namely; in other words
- 国家
- kokka — state; nation; country
- ラテン語
- Ratengo — the Latin language
- で
- de — particle indicating means, location, or context
- と
- to — particle meaning 'and' or quotation marker
- 呼ばれる
- yobareru — to be called; to be named
- 偉大なる
- idai naru — great; magnificent; of grand stature
- であり
- de ari — copula linking clauses; being; and is
- それ
- sore — it; that thing
- は
- wa — topic marker particle
- いわば
- iwaba — so to speak; as it were
- 人工
- jinkou — artificial; man-made
- の
- no — possessive or nominalizing particle
- 人間
- ningen — human being; person; mankind
- である
- de aru — to be; formal copula
- が
- ga — subject marker particle; but; however
- その
- sono — that; its; the said
- 保護
- hogo — protection; safeguarding; care
- 防衛
- bouei — defense; protection from attack
- ために
- tame ni — for the sake of; in order to
- 意図
- ito — intention; purpose; aim
- された
- sareta — was done; was intended; passive past form
- 自然
- shizen — nature; natural world
- より
- yori — than; more than; from
- も
- mo — also; too; even; as well
- 偉大な
- idai na — great; grand; impressive in scale
- 体格
- taikaku — physique; body build; physical stature
- 力
- chikara — strength; power; force
- を
- wo — direct object marker particle
- 持ち
- mochi — having; possessing; carrying
- 中
- naka — inside; within; among
- において
- ni oite — in; at; within; in the context of
- 主権
- shuken — sovereignty; supreme political authority
- 魂
- tamashii — soul; spirit; essence of being
- として
- to shite — as; in the capacity of; acting as
- 全
- zen — all; entire; whole
- 身体
- shintai — body; physical body
- に
- ni — particle indicating direction, location, or recipient
- 生命
- seimei — life; living existence
- 運動
- undou — movement; motion; exercise
- 与える
- ataeru — to give; to grant; to bestow
- もの
- mono — thing; one who; that which
- 行政官
- gyouseikan — administrative official; government officer
- および
- oyobi — and; as well as; together with
- 司法
- shihou — judiciary; administration of justice
- 執行
- shikkou — execution; enforcement; carrying out
- その他
- sonota — other; et cetera; and so forth
- 官吏
- kanri — government official; public servant
- 関節
- kansetsu — joint; articulation of the body
- 報賞
- houshou — reward; prize; compensation for merit
- 刑罰
- keibatsu — punishment; criminal penalty
- これ
- kore — this; this thing
- 座
- za — seat; position; throne
- 固定
- kotei — fixed; fastened; secured in place
- され
- sare — passive or causative verb connector form
- あらゆる
- arayuru — all; every; any possible kind
- 義務
- gimu — duty; obligation; responsibility
- 果たす
- hatasu — to fulfill; to accomplish; to carry out
- よう
- you — so that; in order to; appearing to
- 動かされる
- ugokasareru — to be moved; to be set in motion
- 同じ
- onaji — same; identical; equal
- 働き
- hataraki — function; work; action; operation
- する
- suru — to do; to perform; to make
- 神経
- shinkei — nerve; nerves; nervous system
- すべて
- subete — all; everything; entirely
- 個々
- koko — individual; each one; respective
- 構成員
- kouseiin — member; constituent member of a group
- 富
- tomi — wealth; riches; abundance
- 財産
- zaisan — property; assets; wealth; estate
- 人民
- jinmin — people; the populace; citizens collectively
- 安全
- anzen — safety; security; being free from danger
- 目的
- mokuteki — purpose; goal; objective
- 知る
- shiru — to know; to be aware of
- べき
- beki — should; ought to; must
- 必要な
- hitsuyou na — necessary; needed; required
- こと
- koto — thing; matter; fact; nominalizer
- 示唆
- shisa — suggestion; hint; implication
- たち
- tachi — plural suffix for people or beings
- 記憶
- kioku — memory; recollection; remembering
- 法律
- houritsu — law; legal statute; legislation
- 理性
- risei — reason; rationality; logical faculty
- 意志
- ishi — will; volition; determination
- 協和
- kyouwa — harmony; concord; agreement
- 健康
- kenkou — health; good physical condition
- 扇動
- sendou — instigation; agitation; incitement
- 病
- yamai — illness; disease; sickness
- 内乱
- nairan — civil war; internal strife; rebellion
- 死
- shi — death; dying
- 最後
- saigo — last; final; the end
- この
- kono — this; the following
- 政治的
- seijiteki — political; relating to politics
- 諸
- sho — various; many; several kinds of
- 部分
- bubun — part; portion; section
- 最初
- saisho — first; beginning; the start
- 作られ
- tsukurare — being made; constructed; produced
- 組み合わされ
- kumiawasare — being combined; assembled together
- 結合
- ketsugou — union; combination; joining together
- される
- sareru — passive auxiliary; to be done to
- 際して
- saishite — on the occasion of; at the time of
- 契約
- keiyaku — contract; agreement; covenant
- 盟約
- meiyaku — pact; alliance; solemn covenant
- 創造
- souzou — creation; bringing something into existence
- 神
- kami — god; deity; divine being
- 宣言
- sengen — declaration; proclamation; announcement
- あれ
- are — let there be; imperative of 'to be'
- 我々
- wareware — we; us; ourselves
- 人
- hito — person; human being; people
- 造ろう
- tsukurou — let us make; volitional form of 'to create'
- という
- to iu — called; known as; the statement that
- 言葉
- kotoba — words; language; speech; expression
- 相当
- soutou — corresponding to; equivalent; fairly; considerably
- 本性
- honsei — true nature; essence; innate character
- 描写
- byousha — description; depiction; portrayal
- ため
- tame — for; in order to; for the purpose of
- 私
- watashi — I; me; first-person singular pronoun
- 以下
- ika — the following; below; hereafter
- 考察
- kousatsu — examination; consideration; investigation
- 第一
- daiichi — first; number one; primary
- 素材
- sozai — raw material; basic component; ingredient
- 製作者
- seisaku-sha — maker; producer; creator of something
- について
- ni tsuite — about; concerning; regarding
- いずれ
- izure — either; sooner or later; which one
- 第二
- daini — second; number two; secondary
- いかにして
- ikanishite — how; by what means; in what manner
- いかなる
- ikanaru — what kind of; whatever; any sort of
- 作られる
- tsukurareru — to be made; to be created; passive form
- か
- ka — question particle; whether; or
- 主権者
- shukenksha — sovereign; one who holds supreme authority
- 権利
- kenri — right; entitlement; legal claim
- 正当な
- seitou na — legitimate; rightful; justifiable
- 権力
- kenryoku — power; authority; political power
- または
- mata wa — or; either; alternatively
- 権威
- ken'i — authority; prestige; power to command
- 何
- nani — what; which; something
- そして
- soshite — and then; and; furthermore
- 維持
- iji — maintenance; preservation; keeping up
- し
- shi — conjunctive verb form; doing and then
- 解体
- kaitai — dissolution; dismantling; disassembly
- 第三
- daisan — third; number three; tertiary
- キリスト教
- Kirisutokyou — Christianity; the Christian religion
- 的
- teki — suffix meaning '-like', '-related', or '-ish'
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