Leviathan — Page 9
Lastly, what is the Kingdome of Darkness.
最後に、暗黒の王国とは何か。
Concerning the first, there is a saying much usurped of late, That Wisedome is acquired, not by reading of Books, but of Men.
第一の点について、近頃よく使われる言葉がある。すなわち、知恵は書物を読むことによってではなく、人を読むことによって得られる、というものである。
Consequently whereunto, those persons, that for the most part can give no other proof of being wise, take great delight to shew what they think they have read in men, by uncharitable censures of one another behind their backs.
その結果、たいていの場合、自分が賢いという証拠を他に示せない者たちが、陰で互いを無慈悲に批判することによって、人を読んで得たと思っているものを見せびらかすことに大いなる喜びを覚えるのである。
But there is another saying not of late understood, by which they might learn truly to read one another, if they would take the pains; and that is, Nosce Teipsum, Read Thy Self: which was not meant, as it is now used, to countenance, either the barbarous state of men in power, towards their inferiors; or to encourage men of low degree, to a sawcie behaviour towards their betters;
しかし、近頃は理解されていない別の言葉があり、それを学ぼうと努力するならば、互いを真に読み解くことができるかもしれない。それは「ノスケ・テイプスム」、すなわち「汝自身を読め」というものである。この言葉は、今日用いられているように、権力者が目下の者に対して横暴にふるまうことを容認するためでも、身分の低い者が目上の者に対して生意気にふるまうことを奨励するためでもなかった。
But to teach us, that for the similitude of the thoughts, and Passions of one man, to the thoughts, and Passions of another, whosoever looketh into himselfe, and considereth what he doth, when he does Think, Opine, Reason, Hope, Feare, &c, and upon what grounds; he shall thereby read and know, what are the thoughts, and Passions of all other men, upon the like occasions.
そうではなく、ある人の思考と情念が他の人の思考と情念と類似していることから、自分自身の内面を見つめ、思考し、意見を持ち、推論し、希望し、恐れる際に何をしているか、またその根拠は何かを考察する者は誰でも、同様の状況における他のすべての人々の思考と情念が何であるかを読み取り、知ることができるということを、私たちに教えるためのものであった。
Vocabulary
- 最後
- saigo — The last; the final; the end.
- に
- ni — Particle indicating location, time, or direction.
- 暗黒
- ankoku — Darkness; pitch black; evil obscurity.
- の
- no — Possessive or linking particle between nouns.
- 王国
- ōkoku — Kingdom; a realm ruled by a king.
- と
- to — Particle meaning 'and' or quotation marker.
- は
- wa — Topic marker particle highlighting sentence subject.
- 何
- nani — What; used in questions asking for identity.
- か
- ka — Question particle placed at sentence end.
- 第一
- daiichi — First; number one; primary point.
- 点
- ten — Point; dot; aspect of a topic.
- つい
- tsui — Unintentionally; inadvertently; just recently.
- て
- te — Conjunctive particle connecting verb phrases.
- 近頃
- chikagoro — Recently; these days; nowadays.
- よく
- yoku — Often; well; frequently used adverb.
- 使わ
- tsukawa — Stem form of 'to use' (tsukau).
- れる
- reru — Auxiliary verb indicating passive voice.
- 言葉
- kotoba — Word; language; expression; phrase.
- が
- ga — Subject marker particle in a sentence.
- ある
- aru — To exist; there is (for inanimate things).
- すなわち
- sunawachi — That is to say; namely; in other words.
- 知恵
- chie — Wisdom; intelligence; clever thinking.
- 書物
- shomotsu — Books; written works; literary volumes.
- を
- wo — Object marker particle for direct objects.
- 読む
- yomu — To read; to decipher written text.
- こと
- koto — Thing; fact; act; nominalizer for verbs.
- よっ
- yot- — Contracted form of 'yotte' meaning by/through.
- で
- de — Particle indicating means, place, or cause.
- なく
- naku — Without; not having; negating a noun.
- 人
- hito — Person; human being; individual.
- 得ら
- era — Stem of 'erareru,' to be able to obtain.
- いう
- iu — To say; to be called; to mean.
- もの
- mono — Thing; object; person; nominalizer.
- その
- sono — That; the (referring to previously mentioned thing).
- 結果
- kekka — Result; outcome; consequence of an action.
- たいてい
- taitei — Usually; mostly; in most cases.
- 場合
- baai — Case; situation; circumstance; occasion.
- 自分
- jibun — Oneself; myself; yourself; one's own.
- 賢い
- kashikoi — Wise; clever; intelligent; smart.
- 証拠
- shōko — Evidence; proof; testimony supporting a claim.
- 他
- hoka — Other; another; elsewhere; besides.
- 示せ
- shimese — Imperative/potential stem of 'to show/demonstrate.'
- ない
- nai — Negative auxiliary; does not exist; not.
- 者
- mono — Person; one who; a certain individual.
- たち
- tachi — Plural suffix for people or living beings.
- 陰
- kage — Shadow; shade; behind the scenes; hidden.
- 互い
- tagai — Mutual; each other; reciprocal relationship.
- 無慈悲
- mujihī — Merciless; ruthless; without compassion or pity.
- 批判
- hihan — Criticism; critique; judgment of someone's actions.
- する
- suru — To do; to perform; general-purpose action verb.
- 読ん
- yon- — Conjunctive stem of 'yomu,' to read.
- 得た
- eta — Past tense of 'eru,' obtained; gained.
- 思っ
- omot- — Conjunctive stem of 'omou,' to think.
- いる
- iru — To exist; to be (for animate beings).
- 見せびらかす
- misebirakas u — To show off; to flaunt; to display ostentatiously.
- 大いなる
- ooinaru — Great; grand; mighty; of immense scale.
- 喜び
- yorokobi — Joy; delight; happiness; pleasure.
- 覚える
- oboeru — To memorize; to learn; to feel a sensation.
- しかし
- shikashi — However; but; nevertheless; contrasting conjunction.
- 理解
- rikai — Understanding; comprehension; grasping meaning.
- さ
- sa — Nominalizing suffix or softening sentence-final particle.
- れ
- re — Passive/potential auxiliary verb stem.
- い
- i — Stem of 'iru,' existing or continuing state.
- 別
- betsu — Separate; different; another; distinct.
- あり
- ari — Conjunctive form of 'aru,' there is/exists.
- それ
- sore — That (near the listener); that thing.
- 学ぼう
- manabō — Volitional form of 'manabu,' let's learn.
- 努力
- doryoku — Effort; hard work; endeavor; striving.
- なら
- nara — If; conditional particle assuming a situation.
- ば
- ba — Conditional particle meaning if/when.
- 真
- shin — Truth; genuine; real; authentic.
- 読み解く
- yomitoku — To decode; to decipher; to read and understand deeply.
- できる
- dekiru — To be able to; can; to become possible.
- かも
- kamo — Perhaps; might; expressing uncertainty or possibility.
- しれ
- shire — Stem of 'shireru,' used in 'kamoshirenai' (maybe).
- 汝
- nanji — Thou; you (archaic, formal second-person pronoun).
- 自身
- jishin — Oneself; yourself; himself; herself; itself.
- 読め
- yome — Imperative form of 'yomu,' read! (command).
- この
- kono — This (modifying a nearby noun).
- 今日
- kyō — Today; this day; the present day.
- 用い
- mochii — Stem of 'mochiiru,' to use; to employ.
- られ
- rare — Passive/potential auxiliary verb form.
- よう
- yō — Seems like; in order to; volitional auxiliary.
- 権力者
- kenryokusha — Person in power; authority figure; powerful individual.
- 目下
- meshita — One's subordinate; person of lower status.
- 対し
- taishi — Toward; against; in relation to someone.
- 横暴
- ōbō — Tyrannical; overbearing; arbitrary and oppressive behavior.
- ふるまう
- furumau — To behave; to conduct oneself; to act.
- 容認
- yōnin — Approval; toleration; acceptance of something.
- ため
- tame — For the sake of; because of; purpose.
- も
- mo — Also; too; even; as well (particle).
- 身分
- mibun — Social status; rank; standing in society.
- 低い
- hikui — Low; short in height or rank.
- 目上
- meue — Superior; person of higher social standing.
- 生意気
- namaiki — Impudent; cheeky; presumptuous; acting above one's station.
- 奨励
- shōrei — Encouragement; promotion; advocating a behavior.
- なかっ
- nakat- — Past conjunctive negative form of 'nai.'
- た
- ta — Past tense auxiliary verb marker.
- そう
- sō — So; that way; it seems; like that.
- 思考
- shikō — Thought; thinking; cognitive process.
- 情念
- jōnen — Passion; emotion; deep-seated feeling or desire.
- 類似
- ruiji — Resemblance; similarity; likeness between things.
- し
- shi — Conjunctive verb form; and/moreover connector.
- から
- kara — From; because; since; starting point particle.
- 内面
- naimen — Inner self; interior; inward aspects of mind.
- 見つめ
- mitsume — Stem of 'mitsumeru,' to gaze at; stare.
- 意見
- iken — Opinion; view; one's stated position.
- 持ち
- mochi — Stem of 'motsu,' to hold; to have.
- 推論
- suiron — Reasoning; inference; logical deduction.
- 希望
- kibō — Hope; wish; desire for a future outcome.
- 恐れる
- osoreru — To fear; to be afraid of something.
- 際
- sai — Occasion; time; moment when something occurs.
- また
- mata — Also; again; furthermore; additionally.
- 根拠
- konkyo — Basis; grounds; foundation for an argument.
- 考察
- kōsatsu — Examination; investigation; careful consideration of something.
- 誰
- dare — Who; which person; someone.
- 同様
- dōyō — Same; likewise; in the same manner.
- 状況
- jōkyō — Situation; circumstances; current state of affairs.
- おける
- okeru — In; at; regarding (formal locative expression).
- すべて
- subete — All; everything; entirely; without exception.
- 人々
- hitobito — People; various individuals; persons in general.
- 読み取り
- yomitori — Reading and grasping meaning; interpretation of text.
- 知る
- shiru — To know; to learn; to become aware.
- 私
- watashi — I; me; first-person singular pronoun.
- 教える
- oshieru — To teach; to tell; to instruct someone.
- あっ
- at- — Conjunctive form of 'aru,' there being/existing.
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