Leviathan — Page 9

Vocabulary

နောဆုံး

naw hsone: — Last, final, or most recent in sequence

အနေဖြင့်

a.ne. hpyaing. — In the capacity of; as; in terms of

အမှောင်ထု

a.hmawng htu. — Darkness; a mass or expanse of darkness

နိုင်ငံတော်

naing ngan daw — The state; the nation (formal/official usage)

ဆိုသည်မှာ

hsoe thi. hma — That is to say; meaning; in other words

အဘယ်

a.bhe. — What; which; why (formal or literary usage)

နည်း

ne: — Method, way; also question particle meaning 'how'

ပထမ

pa. hta. ma. — First; primary; the beginning one

အချက်

a.chek — Point; fact; key detail or item

နှင့်

hnin. — And; with; together with (conjunction/postposition)

ပတ်သက်

pat thek — To relate to; to concern; to be involved with

၍

yway. — Formal conjunction meaning therefore; and so; thus

မကြာ

ma. kja — Not long; soon; before long

သေးမီ

the: mi — Before; prior to; not yet having occurred

ကပင်

ka. ping — Emphatic particle meaning 'even; from; indeed'

အလွန်

a.lwun — Very; extremely; excessively beyond normal degree

များစွာ

mya: zwa — Many; a great number of; a lot

အသုံးချ

a.thone: hja. — To make use of; to exploit; to apply

လျက်

lyet — While doing; continuously; ongoing action particle

ရှိသော

shi. thaw — That which exists; having; possessing (attributive)

စကား

za.ga: — Word; speech; language; conversation

တစ်ခွန်း

ta. khwun: — One word; one phrase; a single utterance

ရှိ

shi. — To exist; to have; to be present

၏

e' — Genitive particle indicating possession (of; 's)

ထို

hto — That; those (demonstrative pronoun, formal)

မှာ

hma — At; in; on; locative and topic marker particle

ပညာဥာဏ်

pyin nya nyan — Knowledge and wisdom; intellectual understanding and insight

ကို

ko — Object marker particle; to; toward (accusative)

စာအုပ်

za. ouk — Book; a bound written or printed volume

များ

mya: — Plural marker; many; more than one thing

ဖတ်ရှု

phat shu — To read; to read and study carefully

ခြင်း

hkyin: — Nominalizer suffix turning verbs into abstract nouns

ဖြင့်

hpyaing. — By means of; with; using; instrumental particle

မရ

ma. ya. — Cannot obtain; unable to get; not possible

ဘဲ

bhe: — Without doing; instead of; negative adverbial particle

လူ

lu — Person; human being; people

သာ

tha — Only; just; alone; restrictive focus particle

ရရှိ

ya. shi. — To obtain; to acquire; to receive something

နိုင်

naing — To be able to; can; potential mood particle

သည်

thi. — Present tense marker; topic marker; declarative particle

ဟူ

hu — Quotative particle meaning 'called; known as; said'

ဖြစ်

hpyit — To be; to become; to happen; to occur

ကြောင့်

kjawng. — Because of; due to; causal postposition

အများ

a.mya: — Most; the majority; many people or things

အားဖြင့်

a: hpyaing. — In terms of; by way of; regarding; concerning

မိမိ

mi. mi. — Oneself; one's own (reflexive pronoun)

တို့

to. — Plural marker for pronouns and nouns; we/they

ပညာရှိ

pyin nya shi. — Wise person; scholar; one possessing knowledge

ကြောင်း

kjawng: — Clause-final particle indicating reason or reported speech

အခြား

a.hkja: — Other; another; different; additional

သက်သေ

thet the — Proof; evidence; witness; testimony

မပြ

ma. pya. — Not show; not display; not demonstrate

သော

thaw — Relative clause marker; that which; adjectival suffix

သူ

thu — He; she; that person; third person pronoun

တစ်ဦး

ta. u: — One person; a single individual (counter word)

နောက်ကွယ်

nout kwe. — Behind; at the back; in the background

တွင်

twing — In; at; inside; locative postposition

ကြင်နာမှု

kyin na hmu — Compassion; kindness; caring affection toward others

ကင်းသော

kyin: thaw — Devoid of; free from; lacking (attributive)

စောဒက

zaw da. ka. — Objection; criticism; challenge; fault-finding remark

တက်

tet — To rise; to attend; to climb; to go up

ဖတ်

phat — To read; to recite aloud; to study text

ဆင်ခြင်

hsin hkyin — To reflect; to consider carefully; to contemplate

မိ

mi. — Resultative particle indicating accidental or achieved action

ဟု

hu. — Quotative particle meaning 'saying that; called'

ထင်မြင်

hting myin — To think; to hold an opinion; to perceive

သည့်

thi. — Relative clause marker (attributive form of သည်)

အရာ

a.ya — Thing; matter; object; affair; something

ဖော်ပြ

hpaw pya. — To describe; to explain; to express; to indicate

ရ

ya. — To get; to obtain; to be able; potential particle

နှစ်သက်

hnit thet — To like; to be pleased with; to enjoy

ကြ

kja — Plural verb particle indicating collective action together

သို့

hto. — To; toward; in the direction of (directional)

သော်

thaw' — Although; but; even though (concessive conjunction)

နားမလည်

na: ma. le. — To not understand; to fail to comprehend

သေးသော

the: thaw — Still; yet; small; fine (attributive modifier)

လည်း

le: — Also; too; as well; additive particle

အကြင်

a.kjin — Such; whatever; whichever (relative/correlative pronoun)

အမှန်တကယ်

a.hmun ta. ke. — Truly; really; in actual fact; genuinely

နားလည်

na: le. — To understand; to comprehend; to grasp meaning

ရန်

yan — In order to; for the purpose of; so that

ကြိုးစား

kjo: za: — To try hard; to make effort; to strive

အားထုတ်

a: htouk — To exert effort; to strive; to put in energy

ပါ

pa — Polite particle; also meaning 'please; also; too'

က

ka. — Subject marker particle; from; agent postposition

မှန်ကန်

hmun kan — Correct; accurate; right; true; proper

စွာ

zwa — Adverbial suffix meaning 'fully; well; in a manner'

တတ်

tat — To be able; to be skilled at; habitual particle

သင်ကြား

thin kja: — To teach; to educate; to instruct someone

မည်

mi. — Future tense marker; will; shall (modal particle)

ကိုယ်

ko. — Body; self; oneself; first person informal pronoun

လော့

law. — Imperative particle urging action; do it now

ယခု

ya. hku. — Now; at this time; currently; at present

အသုံးပြု

a.thone: pyu — To use; to utilize; to apply in practice

အတိုင်း

a.tine: — According to; as; in accordance with; just as

အာဏာ

a.na — Power; authority; official power or jurisdiction

အောက်

aouk — Below; under; beneath; lower than

အပေါ်

a.paw — Above; on top of; upper; regarding; toward

တောကြမ်း

taw kjam: — Wild; rough; uncivilized; wilderness jungle area

အပြုအမူ

a.pyu a.mu — Behavior; conduct; manner of acting toward others

ထောက်ခံ

htouk hkan — To support; to endorse; to back up someone

လည်းကောင်း

le: kawng: — Also good; as well; likewise; either/or connector

သို့မဟုတ်

hto. ma. houk — Or; otherwise; alternatively (disjunctive conjunction)

နိမ့်ကျ

nain. kja. — Low; inferior; degraded; of lower standard or level

အဆင့်

a.hsin. — Level; rank; grade; standard; degree

ထက်

htet — Than; more than; above; comparative particle

သာသော

tha thaw — Superior; better; excelling (attributive comparative form)

မတင့်တယ်

ma. ting de. — Unsuitable; improper; unbecoming; not fitting well

ပြု

pyu — To do; to make; to perform an action

တိုက်တွန်း

tite twun: — To urge; to encourage; to push someone to act

ရည်ရွယ်

yi. ywe. — To intend; to aim at; to have a purpose

ခဲ့

hkhe. — Past tense particle indicating completed action

မဟုတ်

ma. houk — Is not; not; negation of identity or state

ပေ

pe — Assertive or emphatic sentence-final particle

အတွေး

a.twe: — Thought; idea; thinking; mental reflection

စိတ်လှုပ်ရှားမှု

seit hlyouk sha: hmu — Excitement; emotional stirring; agitation of feelings

တူညီမှု

tu nyi hmu — Similarity; sameness; agreement; equivalence

မည်သူ

mi. thu — Who; whoever; whichever person (interrogative/relative)

မဆို

ma. hsoe — Whatever; whoever; any at all (indefinite particle)

ကြည့်ရှု

kji. shu — To look at; to observe; to watch; to examine

တွေးခေါ်

twe: khaw' — To think deeply; to reason; to philosophize

အခါ

a.kha — Time; occasion; when; at the time of

ထင်မြင်ချက်

hting myin hket — Opinion; view; personal perspective or judgment

ပေးသော

pe: thaw — Giving; that which gives; bestowing (attributive)

အကြောင်းအချက်

a.kjawng: a.hket — Reason; argument; point; grounds for something

မျှော်လင့်

hmyaw lin. — To hope; to expect; to look forward to

ကြောက်ရွံ့

kjout ywun. — To fear; to be frightened; to dread something

စသည်

za. thi. — And so on; et cetera; such as (list ender)

မည်သည့်

mi. thi. — Whatever; whichever; any kind of (relative)

ပြုမူ

pyu mu — To behave; to conduct oneself; manner of acting

အကြောင်းအရင်း

a.kjawng: a.yin: — Root cause; underlying reason; origin of something

ပေါ်

paw' — On; upon; above; surface; to appear; emerge

မူတည်

mu ti. — To depend on; to be based on; to hinge upon

ဆို

hsoe — To say; to speak; to be called; quotative verb

တူညီသော

tu nyi thaw — Same; identical; equal; similar (attributive form)

အခြေအနေ

a.hkhe a.ne — Situation; condition; circumstance; state of affairs

အားလုံး

a: lone: — All; everyone; everything; every single one

သိရှိ

thi. shi. — To know; to be aware of; to have knowledge

ကျွန်ုပ်

kjwa. noup — I; me (formal, polite first person pronoun)

အား

a: — Object particle; strength; power; toward (postposition)

သွန်သင်

thwun thin — To instruct; to guide; to teach and advise