Meditations — Page 4

Vocabulary

Non

non — Negation word meaning 'not' in Italian

abbiamo

ab-BYA-mo — We have; first person plural of avere

modo

MO-do — Way, manner, or method of doing something

di

di — Of, from; common preposition indicating possession or origin

seguire

se-GWEE-re — To follow, to pursue a course or path

le

le — The; feminine plural definite article

campagne

kam-PA-nye — Military campaigns; also means countryside or fields

nei

nei — In the; contraction of 'in' and 'i'

dettagli

det-TA-lyi — Details; specific particulars of a subject

ma

ma — But; conjunction indicating contrast or opposition

questo

KWES-to — This; masculine singular demonstrative pronoun or adjective

è

è — Is; third person singular present of essere

certo

CHER-to — Certain, sure; expressing confidence or certainty

che

ke — That, which, who; versatile conjunction or pronoun

alla

AL-la — To the; contraction of 'a' and 'la'

fine

FEE-ne — End, finish; conclusion of something

i

i — The; masculine plural definite article

Romani

ro-MA-ni — Romans; inhabitants or citizens of ancient Rome

riuscirono

riu-SHI-ro-no — They succeeded; past tense of riuscire, to manage

a

a — To, at; common preposition of direction or purpose

schiacciare

skya-CHA-re — To crush, to squash, to overwhelm completely

tribù

tri-BU — Tribe; a group of people sharing common ancestry

barbariche

bar-BA-ri-ke — Barbaric, barbarian; relating to uncivilized foreign peoples

e

e — And; basic coordinating conjunction joining elements

realizzare

re-a-lid-DZA-re — To achieve, to realize, to bring something about

un

un — A, an; masculine singular indefinite article

accordo

ak-KOR-do — Agreement, accord; a settlement reached between parties

rese

RE-ze — Made, rendered; past tense of rendere

l'

l' — The; elided definite article before vowel sounds

impero

im-PE-ro — Empire; a vast political dominion ruled by an emperor

più

pyù — More; comparative adverb indicating greater degree

sicuro

si-KU-ro — Safe, secure; free from danger or risk

era

E-ra — Was; third person singular imperfect of essere

lui

LUI — He, him; third person masculine singular pronoun

stesso

STES-so — Same, himself; emphatic pronoun or adjective

comandante

ko-man-DAN-te — Commander; a person in charge of military forces

in

in — In, into; preposition of location or direction

capo

KA-po — Head, chief; leader or person in command

la

la — The; feminine singular definite article

vittoria

vit-TO-rya — Victory; the successful outcome of a battle or contest

dovuta

do-VU-ta — Due, owed; attributed to a particular cause

non

non — Not; negation adverb used to negate verbs

meno

ME-no — Less; comparative adverb indicating smaller degree

sua

SU-a — His, her, its; feminine singular possessive adjective

personale

per-so-NA-le — Personal; relating to an individual's own qualities

capacità

ka-pa-chi-TA — Ability, capacity; skill or power to do something

saggezza

sad-JET-tsa — Wisdom; the quality of having good judgment and experience

nella

NEL-la — In the; contraction of 'in' and 'la'

scelta

SHEL-ta — Choice, selection; the act of choosing among options

dei

dei — Of the; contraction of 'di' and 'i'

luogotenenti

luo-go-te-NEN-ti — Lieutenants; officers acting as deputies to commanders

dimostrata

di-mos-TRA-ta — Demonstrated, shown; past participle of dimostrare

evidente

e-vi-DEN-te — Evident, obvious; clearly apparent to observation

nel

nel — In the; contraction of 'in' and 'il'

caso

KA-zo — Case, instance; a particular situation or example

Vi

vi — There, here; locative adverb or pronoun

furono

FU-ro-no — Were, there were; past tense of essere

diverse

di-VER-se — Several, various; more than one, differing from each other

importanti

im-por-TAN-ti — Important; of great significance or consequence

battaglie

bat-TA-lye — Battles; armed conflicts fought between opposing forces

combattute

kom-bat-TU-te — Fought; past participle of combattere, to battle

queste

KWES-te — These; feminine plural demonstrative pronoun or adjective

una

U-na — One, a; feminine singular indefinite article or numeral

esse

ES-se — They, them; feminine third person plural pronoun

diventata

di-ven-TA-ta — Became; past participle of diventare, to become

celebre

CHE-le-bre — Famous, celebrated; well-known and widely recognized

per

per — For, through, by; preposition of purpose or means

leggenda

led-JEN-da — Legend; a traditional story often with historical basis

della

DEL-la — Of the; contraction of 'di' and 'la'

Legione

le-JO-ne — Legion; a major unit of the Roman army

In

in — In; preposition indicating location or state

battaglia

bat-TA-lya — Battle; an armed fight between opposing military forces

contro

KON-tro — Against; preposition indicating opposition or conflict

giornata

jor-NA-ta — Day; the course of a whole day's events

sembrava

sem-BRA-va — Seemed, appeared; imperfect tense of sembrare

volgere

VOL-je-re — To turn, to tend toward a direction or outcome

favore

fa-VO-re — Favor; advantage or support given to one side

del

del — Of the; contraction of 'di' and 'il'

nemico

ne-MI-ko — Enemy; an adversary or opponent in conflict

quando

KWAN-do — When; conjunction or adverb indicating time

all'

all' — At the; elided contraction of 'a' and 'l'

improvviso

im-prov-VI-zo — Sudden, unexpected; all'improvviso means suddenly

scoppiò

skop-PYO — Broke out, erupted; past tense of scoppiare

grande

GRAN-de — Great, large; of considerable size or importance

tempesta

tem-PES-ta — Storm; a violent weather disturbance with thunder and lightning

tuoni

TWO-ni — Thunderclaps; the loud sounds produced during storms

pioggia

PYOD-ja — Rain; water falling from clouds during a storm

il

il — The; masculine singular definite article

fulmine

FUL-mi-ne — Lightning bolt; a flash of electricity during a storm

colpì

kol-PI — Struck, hit; past tense of colpire

barbari

BAR-ba-ri — Barbarians; uncivilized peoples outside Roman civilization

con

kon — With; preposition indicating accompaniment or means

terrore

ter-RO-re — Terror, fear; extreme fright caused by danger

ed

ed — And; variant of 'e' used before vowels

essi

ES-si — They; masculine third person plural subject pronoun

si

si — Themselves; reflexive pronoun for third person

diedero

DYE-de-ro — Gave, put; past tense of dare

fuga

FU-ga — Flight, escape; the act of fleeing from danger

epoche

E-po-ke — Epochs, eras; distinct periods of historical time

successive

sut-CHES-si-ve — Subsequent, following; coming after in sequence

disse

DIS-se — Said; third person singular past tense of dire

questa

KWES-ta — This; feminine singular demonstrative adjective or pronoun

stata

STA-ta — Been; feminine past participle of essere

inviata

in-VYA-ta — Sent; past participle of inviare, to send

risposta

ris-POS-ta — Response, answer; a reply to a request or prayer

alle

AL-le — To the; contraction of 'a' and 'le'

preghiere

pre-GYIE-re — Prayers; devout requests addressed to a deity

legione

le-JO-ne — Legion; a military unit of the Roman army

conteneva

kon-te-NE-va — Contained; imperfect tense of contenere

molti

MOL-ti — Many; a large number of people or things

cristiani

kris-TYA-ni — Christians; followers of the Christian religion

motivo

mo-TI-vo — Reason, motive; the cause behind an action

ad

ad — To, at; variant of 'a' used before vowels

essa

ES-sa — It, she; feminine third person singular pronoun

dovesse

do-VES-se — Should, ought; imperfect subjunctive of dovere

essere

ES-se-re — To be; fundamental Italian infinitive verb

dato

DA-to — Given; past participle of dare, to give

nome

NO-me — Name; a word used to identify a person or thing

Il

il — The; masculine singular definite article

titolo

TI-to-lo — Title; a name given to designate rank or distinction

attestato

at-tes-TA-to — Attested, certified; officially confirmed or documented

data

DA-ta — Date; a specific point in time; also given (f.)

anteriore

an-te-RYO-re — Earlier, prior; coming before in time or position

quindi

KWIN-di — Therefore, so; conjunction indicating logical consequence

almeno

al-ME-no — At least; indicating a minimum quantity or condition

parte

PAR-te — Part, portion; a section or share of a whole

storia

STO-rya — Story, history; a narrative of past or fictional events

può

pwò — Can, may; third person singular of potere

vera

VE-ra — True, real; corresponding to fact or reality

aiuto

a-IU-to — Help, aid; assistance given to someone in need

riconosciuto

ri-ko-no-SHU-to — Recognized, acknowledged; identified and accepted as true

da

da — From, by; preposition of origin or agent

scene

SHE-ne — Scenes; depicted episodes or images in art

scolpite

skol-PI-te — Sculpted, carved; past participle of scolpire

sulla

SUL-la — On the; contraction of 'su' and 'la'

Colonna

ko-LON-na — Column; a tall pillar, here referring to a monument

Roma

RO-ma — Rome; the capital city of Italy and ancient Roman Empire

commemora

kom-ME-mo-ra — Commemorates; honors the memory of past events

guerre

GWER-re — Wars; armed conflicts between nations or groups

L'

l' — The; elided definite article before a vowel

stipulato

sti-pu-LA-to — Stipulated, agreed upon; a formally concluded agreement

dopo

DO-po — After; preposition or adverb indicating subsequent time

questi

KWES-ti — These; masculine plural demonstrative adjective or pronoun

tumulti

tu-MUL-ti — Tumults, upheavals; violent disturbances or riots

avrebbe

av-REB-be — Would have; conditional tense of avere

potuto

po-TU-to — Been able; past participle of potere

soddisfacente

sod-dis-fa-CHEN-te — Satisfactory; meeting expectations or requirements adequately

se

se — If; conditional conjunction introducing a hypothesis

fosse

FOS-se — Were, had been; imperfect subjunctive of essere

stato

STA-to — Been, state; past participle of essere or noun

rivolta

ri-VOL-ta — Revolt, uprising; a rebellion against authority

inaspettata

i-nas-pet-TA-ta — Unexpected; something that was not anticipated or foreseen

oriente

o-RYEN-te — East, Orient; the eastern part of a region or world