Meditations — Page 11
In Logic, the Stoic system is noteworthy for their theory as to the test of truth, the _Criterion_.
In Logica, il sistema stoico è degno di nota per la loro teoria riguardo al criterio di verità, il _Criterium_.
They compared the new-born soul to a sheet of paper ready for writing.
Essi paragonarono l'anima appena nata a un foglio di carta pronto per la scrittura.
Upon this the senses write their impressions (φαντασίαι), and by experience of a number of these the soul unconsciously conceives general notions (κοιναὶ ἔννοιαι) or anticipations (προλήψεις).
Su di esso i sensi scrivono le loro impressioni (φαντασίαι), e attraverso l'esperienza di un certo numero di queste l'anima concepisce inconsciamente nozioni generali (κοιναὶ ἔννοιαι) o anticipazioni (προλήψεις).
When the impression was such as to be irresistible it was called (καταληπτικὴ φαντασία) one that holds fast, or as they explained it, one proceeding from truth.
Quando l'impressione era tale da risultare irresistibile veniva chiamata (καταληπτικὴ φαντασία) quella che tiene saldamente, o come essi la spiegavano, quella che procede dalla verità.
Ideas and inferences artificially produced by deduction or the like were tested by this 'holding perception.'
Le idee e le inferenze prodotte artificialmente per deduzione o in modo simile venivano verificate mediante questa 'percezione che tiene saldo'.
Of the Ethical application I have already spoken.
Dell'applicazione etica ho già parlato.
The highest good was the virtuous life.
Il sommo bene era la vita virtuosa.
Virtue alone is happiness, and vice is unhappiness.
La virtù sola è felicità, e il vizio è infelicità.
Carrying this theory to its extreme, the Stoic said that there could be no gradations between virtue and vice, though of course each has its special manifestations.
Portando questa teoria alle sue estreme conseguenze, lo Stoico affermava che non potevano esserci gradazioni tra virtù e vizio, sebbene naturalmente ciascuno abbia le sue manifestazioni particolari.
Moreover, nothing is good but virtue, and nothing but vice is bad.
Inoltre, nulla è buono se non la virtù, e nulla è cattivo se non il vizio.
Those outside things which are commonly called good or bad, such as health and sickness, wealth and poverty, pleasure and pain, are to him indifferent (ἀδιάφορα).
Quelle cose esterne che comunemente vengono chiamate buone o cattive, come la salute e la malattia, la ricchezza e la povertà, il piacere e il dolore, sono per lui indifferenti (ἀδιάφορα).
All these things are merely the sphere in which virtue may act.
Tutte queste cose sono semplicemente la sfera in cui la virtù può agire.
The ideal Wise Man is sufficient unto himself in all things (αὐταρκής); and knowing these truths, he will be happy even when stretched upon the rack.
Il Saggio ideale è sufficiente a se stesso in ogni cosa (αὐταρκής); e conoscendo queste verità, sarà felice anche quando sarà disteso sul patibolo.
Vocabulary
- Logica
- LOH-jee-kah — The study of reasoning and argumentation
- sistema
- sis-TEH-mah — An organized set of principles or methods
- stoico
- STOH-ee-koh — Relating to Stoicism or a Stoic philosopher
- degno
- DEH-nyoh — Worthy or deserving of attention or respect
- nota
- NOH-tah — A note or something worthy of being noticed
- teoria
- teh-OH-ree-ah — A systematic explanation or set of ideas
- riguardo
- ree-GWAHR-doh — Regarding or with respect to something
- criterio
- kree-TEH-ree-oh — A standard or principle used for judgment
- verità
- veh-ree-TAH — The quality or state of being true
- paragonarono
- pah-rah-goh-NAH-roh-noh — They compared two or more things together
- anima
- AH-nee-mah — The soul or inner life of a person
- appena
- ahp-PEH-nah — Just, barely, or as soon as something happens
- nata
- NAH-tah — Born; feminine past participle of 'nascere'
- foglio
- FOH-lyoh — A sheet or leaf of paper
- carta
- KAR-tah — Paper or a card used for writing
- pronto
- PRON-toh — Ready or prepared for immediate use
- scrittura
- skreet-TOO-rah — Writing or a written text or scripture
- sensi
- SEN-see — The senses through which we perceive the world
- scrivono
- SKREE-voh-noh — They write; third person plural of 'scrivere'
- impressioni
- eem-preh-SYOH-nee — Impressions or perceptions received through the senses
- attraverso
- aht-trah-VEH-rsoh — Through or by means of something
- esperienza
- es-peh-RYEN-tsah — Experience gained through observation or practice
- certo
- CHEHR-toh — Certain or a certain number of things
- numero
- NOO-meh-roh — A number or quantity of things
- concepisce
- kon-cheh-PEE-sheh — Conceives or forms an idea mentally
- inconsciamente
- in-kon-shah-MEN-teh — In an unconscious or unaware manner
- nozioni
- no-TSYOH-nee — Notions or basic concepts understood mentally
- generali
- jeh-neh-RAH-lee — General or universal concepts applying broadly
- anticipazioni
- an-tee-chee-pah-TSYOH-nee — Anticipations or preconceptions formed before experience
- impressione
- eem-preh-SYOH-neh — A single impression or perception from senses
- tale
- TAH-leh — Such or of that kind or nature
- risultare
- ree-zul-TAH-reh — To result in or turn out to be something
- irresistibile
- eer-reh-zee-STEE-bee-leh — Impossible to resist or withstand mentally
- chiamata
- kyah-MAH-tah — Called or named; feminine past participle of 'chiamare'
- tiene
- TYEH-neh — Holds or keeps; third person singular of 'tenere'
- saldamente
- sal-dah-MEN-teh — Firmly or securely, without letting go
- spiegavano
- spyeh-GAH-vah-noh — They explained; imperfect of 'spiegare'
- procede
- proh-CHEH-deh — Proceeds or comes from a source
- idee
- ee-DEH-eh — Ideas or concepts formed in the mind
- inferenze
- in-feh-REN-tseh — Inferences or conclusions drawn through reasoning
- prodotte
- proh-DOT-teh — Produced or generated; feminine plural past participle
- artificialmente
- ar-tee-fee-chal-MEN-teh — Artificially or by deliberate human construction
- deduzione
- deh-doo-TSYOH-neh — Deduction; reasoning from general to specific conclusions
- modo
- MOH-doh — Way or manner in which something is done
- simile
- SEE-mee-leh — Similar or alike in some respect
- verificate
- veh-ree-fee-KAH-teh — Verified or checked for accuracy or truth
- mediante
- meh-DYAN-teh — By means of or through something
- percezione
- pehr-cheh-TSYOH-neh — Perception; the mental process of interpreting sensory data
- saldo
- SAL-doh — Firm, stable, or secure; not easily moved
- applicazione
- ahp-plee-kah-TSYOH-neh — Application or practical use of a principle
- etica
- EH-tee-kah — Ethics; the branch of philosophy about morality
- già
- JAH — Already; indicating something has happened before
- parlato
- par-LAH-toh — Spoken; past participle of 'parlare'
- sommo
- SOM-moh — Supreme or highest; referring to the greatest good
- bene
- BEH-neh — Good; something morally or practically desirable
- vita
- VEE-tah — Life; the state of being alive
- virtuosa
- veer-TWOH-zah — Virtuous; characterized by moral excellence and goodness
- virtù
- veer-TOO — Virtue; moral excellence and righteous conduct
- sola
- SOH-lah — Alone or only; the sole source of something
- felicità
- feh-lee-chee-TAH — Happiness; a state of well-being and contentment
- vizio
- VEE-tsyoh — Vice; a moral failing or immoral behavior
- infelicità
- in-feh-lee-chee-TAH — Unhappiness; a state of misery or discontent
- Portando
- por-TAN-doh — Carrying or taking to an extreme conclusion
- estreme
- es-TREH-meh — Extreme; furthest or most intense degree
- conseguenze
- kon-seh-GWEN-tseh — Consequences or results following from an action
- Stoico
- STOH-ee-koh — A Stoic philosopher following the school of Stoicism
- affermava
- af-fehr-MAH-vah — Claimed or affirmed; imperfect of 'affermare'
- esserci
- EHS-sehr-chee — To be there; infinitive with 'ci' clitic particle
- gradazioni
- grah-dah-TSYOH-nee — Gradations or degrees between different states
- tra
- trah — Preposition meaning 'between' or 'among'
- sebbene
- seb-BEH-neh — Although or even though; concessive conjunction
- naturalmente
- nah-too-ral-MEN-teh — Naturally or of course; in a natural way
- ciascuno
- chah-SKOO-noh — Each one or every single one individually
- manifestazioni
- mah-nee-fes-tah-TSYOH-nee — Manifestations or outward expressions of something
- particolari
- par-tee-koh-LAH-ree — Particular or specific individual instances
- Inoltre
- in-OHL-treh — Furthermore or moreover; adding to a previous point
- nulla
- NUL-lah — Nothing; the absence of anything at all
- buono
- BWOH-noh — Good; having positive moral or practical qualities
- cattivo
- kaht-TEE-voh — Bad or evil; having negative moral qualities
- cose
- KOH-zeh — Things; objects or matters in general
- esterne
- es-TEHR-neh — External or outside; not belonging to the self
- comunemente
- koh-moo-neh-MEN-teh — Commonly or generally; in a widespread manner
- chiamate
- kyah-MAH-teh — Called or named; feminine plural past participle
- buone
- BWOH-neh — Good; feminine plural adjective indicating positive quality
- cattive
- kaht-TEE-veh — Bad; feminine plural adjective indicating negative quality
- salute
- sah-LOO-teh — Health; the general condition of the body
- malattia
- mah-laht-TEE-ah — Illness or disease affecting the body or mind
- ricchezza
- reek-KETZ-ah — Wealth or richness; abundance of material possessions
- povertà
- poh-vehr-TAH — Poverty; the state of lacking material resources
- piacere
- pyah-CHEH-reh — Pleasure; an agreeable or enjoyable sensation
- dolore
- doh-LOH-reh — Pain or sorrow; physical or emotional suffering
- indifferenti
- in-dee-feh-REN-tee — Indifferent; neither good nor bad in themselves
- semplicemente
- sem-plee-cheh-MEN-teh — Simply or merely; in a straightforward manner
- sfera
- SFEH-rah — Sphere or domain within which one acts
- cui
- kwee — Relative pronoun meaning 'which' or 'whom'
- agire
- ah-JEE-reh — To act or operate within a given domain
- Saggio
- SAH-joh — The wise man; ideal figure of Stoic philosophy
- ideale
- ee-deh-AH-leh — Ideal; representing the perfect standard or model
- sufficiente
- suf-fee-CHEN-teh — Sufficient or enough; meeting all necessary needs
- stesso
- STES-soh — Himself or itself; reflexive emphasis pronoun
- ogni
- OH-nyee — Every or each; indicating all members of a group
- cosa
- KOH-zah — Thing; an object or matter in general
- conoscendo
- koh-noh-SHEN-doh — Knowing; gerund of 'conoscere'
- felice
- feh-LEE-cheh — Happy; experiencing a state of joy or contentment
- anche
- AN-keh — Also or even; adding emphasis or inclusion
- quando
- KWAN-doh — When; temporal conjunction indicating a time
- disteso
- dee-STEH-zoh — Stretched out or lying down on something
- patibolo
- pah-TEE-boh-loh — Gallows or scaffold used for execution
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