Meditations — Page 8

Vocabulary

しかし

shikashi — Conjunction meaning 'however' or 'but'.

キリスト教徒

Kirisutokyōto — A person who follows the Christian religion.

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, location, or indirect object.

ついて

tsuite — Regarding; concerning a particular topic or subject.

語る

kataru — To talk about; to narrate or tell a story.

彼

kare — Third-person masculine pronoun meaning 'he' or 'him'.

自身

jishin — Oneself; used to emphasize the subject's own action.

の

no — Possessive or nominalizing particle connecting nouns.

口調

kuchō — Tone of voice; manner or style of speaking.

から

kara — Particle meaning 'from' or 'because of'.

が

ga — Subject marker particle; also indicates contrast or emphasis.

彼ら

karera — Third-person plural pronoun meaning 'they' or 'them'.

を

wo — Object marker particle indicating the direct object.

中傷

chūshō — Slander; making false damaging statements about someone.

よって

yotte — By means of; therefore; due to a cause.

のみ

nomi — Only; nothing but a specific thing or way.

知って

shitte — Knowing; in the state of having knowledge.

いた

ita — Past progressive auxiliary; was doing or had been.

こと

koto — Thing; fact; nominalizer turning verbs into noun phrases.

は

wa — Topic marker particle highlighting the sentence's subject.

明らか

akiraka — Obvious; clear and evident without any doubt.

で

de — Particle indicating location of action or means used.

ある

aru — To exist; copula for inanimate things or states.

そして

soshite — And then; furthermore; connecting sequential or additional ideas.

公正

kōsei — Fairness; impartiality; being just and unbiased.

な

na — Adjectival particle linking na-adjectives to nouns.

審理

shinri — Judicial hearing; examination of a legal case.

受け

uke — Receiving; stem form of the verb 'to receive'.

られる

rareru — Potential or passive auxiliary verb suffix in Japanese.

よう

yō — In order to; so that a purpose is achieved.

確保

kakuho — Securing; ensuring something is obtained or guaranteed.

する

suru — To do; general-purpose action verb in Japanese.

ため

tame — For the sake of; in order to achieve something.

措置

sochi — Measure; action taken to handle a situation.

さえ

sae — Even; emphasizing an extreme or unexpected case.

も

mo — Also; too; even; additive or inclusive particle.

取ら

tora — Stem form of 'to take' or 'to adopt' (measures).

れた

reta — Past passive suffix; was done to the subject.

という

to iu — Called; known as; expressing hearsay or naming.

話

hanashi — Story; talk; account of events or information.

聞か

kika — Stem of 'to hear' or 'to listen'; passive base.

れない

renai — Passive negative; is not heard or not received.

この

kono — This; demonstrative adjective referring to nearby thing.

点

ten — Point; aspect; specific feature or matter in question.

おいて

oite — In; at; regarding a specific place, time, or matter.

より

yori — More than; compared to; indicating a comparative standard.

優れて

sugurete — Being superior; excelling beyond others in quality.

思慮深い

shiryobukai — Prudent; thoughtful and showing careful consideration.

精神

seishin — Spirit; mind; mentality or philosophical disposition.

とって

totte — For; from the perspective or standpoint of someone.

ローマ

Rōma — Rome; ancient city and civilization of Italy.

宗教

shūkyō — Religion; an organized system of spiritual beliefs.

ほとんど

hotondo — Mostly; hardly; almost entirely or very little.

満足

manzoku — Satisfaction; feeling of contentment or fulfillment.

与え

atae — Giving; stem form of the verb 'to give'.

ない

nai — Negative auxiliary; not; does not exist or occur.

あろう

arō — Volitional or presumptive form of 'aru'; probably is.

その

sono — That; demonstrative adjective for something previously mentioned.

伝説

densetsu — Legend; myth; traditional story passed down generations.

しばしば

shibashiba — Often; frequently; happening many times repeatedly.

幼稚

yōchi — Childish; immature; lacking sophistication or development.

か

ka — Question particle; or; indicating a choice between options.

あるいは

aruiwa — Or; alternatively; presenting another possible option.

あり

ari — Stem of 'aru'; existing; being present or possible.

得ない

enai — Cannot; impossible to do; lacking ability or possibility.

もの

mono — Thing; object; something tangible or abstract in nature.

あった

atta — Past tense of 'aru'; there was; it existed.

教え

oshie — Teaching; doctrine; moral or religious instruction given.

道徳

dōtoku — Morality; ethics; principles guiding right and wrong behavior.

と

to — Particle meaning 'and', 'with', or quotation marker.

関係

kankei — Relation; connection; association between people or things.

なかった

nakatta — Past negative of 'nai'; there was not; did not.

実際

jissai — In reality; actually; in practice as opposed to theory.

ところ

tokoro — Place; situation; the point or aspect being described.

取引

torihiki — Transaction; deal; business exchange or negotiation.

性質

seishitsu — Nature; character; inherent quality or characteristic.

持つ

motsu — To hold; to have; to possess something.

人々

hitobito — People; plural form referring to multiple individuals.

一定

ittei — Fixed; constant; a set or specified amount or standard.

生贄

ikenie — Sacrifice; offering of a living creature to deities.

儀式

gishiki — Ceremony; ritual; formal procedure with symbolic meaning.

捧げ

sasage — Offering; dedicating something to a deity or cause.

神々

kamigami — Gods; multiple deities in a polytheistic religious context.

善悪

zen'aku — Good and evil; moral distinction between right and wrong.

関わり

kakawari — Involvement; connection; relation or concern with something.

なく

naku — Without; lacking; negative conjunctive form of 'nai'.

恩恵

onkei — Blessing; grace; benefit or favor bestowed upon someone.

与えた

ataeta — Past tense of 'give'; gave or bestowed something.

場合

baai — Case; situation; instance or circumstance being discussed.

すべて

subete — All; everything; the entirety of something.

敬虔

keiken — Piety; devoutness; sincere reverence toward religion or deity.

魂

tamashii — Soul; spirit; the inner essence of a person.

哲学

tetsugaku — Philosophy; the study of fundamental questions about existence.

へと

e to — Toward; directional particle indicating movement or progression.

立ち返ら

tachikaera — Returning to; going back to a previous state or place.

ざる

zaru — Classical negative auxiliary; not doing; archaic negation form.

得

e — Can; able to; potential auxiliary used with negation.

ギリシア

Girishia — Greece; ancient Mediterranean civilization influential in philosophy.

そう

sō — So; like that; indicating agreement or resemblance.

そこ

soko — There; that place; referring to a previously mentioned location.

まで

made — Until; up to; as far as a limit or extent.

程度

teido — Degree; extent; level or amount of something.

帝政

teisei — Imperial rule; government system under an emperor's authority.

初期

shoki — Early period; initial stage of an era or process.

主義

shugi — Principle; doctrine; an ideology or system of belief.

実質的

jisshitsuteki — Substantial; practical; relating to actual content or reality.

分野

bun'ya — Field; domain; area of study or activity.

二分

nibun — Division into two; splitting something into two parts.

二つ

futatsu — Two; the number two counting physical objects.

対立

tairitsu — Opposition; confrontation; conflict between two opposing sides.

学派

gakuha — School of thought; academic faction or philosophical tradition.

存在

sonzai — Existence; being; the state of existing or being present.

した

shita — Past tense of 'suru'; did; performed an action.

それぞれ

sorezore — Each; respectively; every one of them individually.

掲げる

kakageru — To raise up; to advocate or set forth an ideal.

理想

risō — Ideal; the best or most perfect standard imagined.

名目

meimoku — Nominal; in name only; ostensible rather than actual.

上

ue — Above; on top; also used as 'in terms of'.

ほぼ

hobo — Almost; approximately; nearly the same as something.

同じ

onaji — Same; identical; not different from another thing.

派

ha — Faction; school; group sharing a common ideology.

すなわち

sunawachi — Namely; that is to say; clarifying what was said.

あらゆる

arayuru — Every; all kinds of; encompassing without exception.

感情

kanjō — Emotion; feeling; subjective inner state or sentiment.

抑制

yokusei — Suppression; restraint; holding back impulses or emotions.

目指し

mezashi — Aiming for; targeting; working toward a specific goal.

動揺

dōyō — Agitation; disturbance; being emotionally upset or unsettled.

自由

jiyū — Freedom; liberty; absence of restriction or constraint.

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary; indicates completed action or state.

結局

kekkyoku — In the end; ultimately; after everything is considered.

一方

ippō — On the one hand; meanwhile; one of two directions.

頑固

ganko — Stubborn; obstinate; firmly refusing to change one's mind.

忍耐

nintai — Patience; endurance; tolerating hardship without complaint.

同義語

dōgigo — Synonym; a word having the same or similar meaning.

なり

nari — Became; or; classical copula indicating result or equivalence.

他方

tahō — On the other hand; the other side or direction.

放縦

hōjū — Indulgence; lack of self-restraint; acting without discipline.

放埓

hōratsu — Licentiousness; dissolute behavior; unchecked moral looseness.

なった

natta — Past tense of 'naru'; became; turned into something.

今

ima — Now; at the present moment in time.

持た

mota — Stem-negative base of 'motsu'; related to holding or having.

歴史

rekishi — History; the record of past events and developments.

教義

kyōgi — Doctrine; dogma; official teachings of a religion or school.

概略

gairyaku — Outline; summary; a brief overview of a subject.

述べる

noberu — To state; to describe; to explain something in words.

有益

yūeki — Beneficial; useful; providing profit or advantage to someone.

創始者

sōshisha — Founder; originator; person who established something new.

詳細

shōsai — Details; specifics; thorough information about a subject.

不明

fumei — Unknown; unclear; information that has not been determined.

だ

da — Copula; plain form of 'desu'; asserting a state.

生まれ

umare — Birth; being born; origin or place of birth.

生涯

shōgai — Lifetime; one's entire life from birth to death.

おおよそ

ooyoso — Approximately; roughly; around an estimated amount or time.

紀元前

kigenzen — Before the common era; BC; before the calendar epoch.

年

nen — Year; counter for years in calendar expressions.

間

aida / kan — Between; interval; period of time or space.

言わ

iwa — Passive or negative base of 'iu'; to say or be said.

れて

rete — Passive te-form; being done; used in passive constructions.

いる

iru — To be; continuous existence or ongoing action state.