Meditations — Page 8

Vocabulary

그러나

geureona — However; conjunction used to contrast two statements

대해

daehae — About, regarding, concerning a topic or person

말하는

malhaneun — Speaking, talking; present participle of 말하다

그의

geuui — His; possessive pronoun referring to a male

어조로

eojoro — In a tone; manner or style of speaking

보아

boa — Seeing, judging by; from the verb 보다

그가

geuga — He; subject pronoun for a male person

그들을

geudeureul — Them; object pronoun for a group

오직

ojik — Only, solely, exclusively; limiting adverb

중상모략을

jungsangmoryageul — Slander, defamation; false damaging statements about someone

통해서만

tonghaeseoman — Only through; exclusively via a means or method

알고

algo — Knowing; gerund form of 알다, to know

분명하다

bunmyeonghada — To be clear, obvious, evident; expressing certainty

그리고

geurigo — And; additive conjunction connecting clauses or sentences

그들이

geudeuri — They; subject pronoun for a group of people

공정한

gongjenghan — Fair, impartial, just; describing unbiased treatment

청문을

cheongmuneul — A hearing; formal legal or official listening session

받을

badeul — To receive; future modifier form of 받다

수

su — Possibility; used with 있다 to mean 'can'

있도록

itdorok — So that there is; expressing purpose or condition

확보하기

hwakbohagi — To secure, ensure; gerund of 확보하다

위한

wihan — For the sake of; prepositional modifier expressing purpose

어떠한

eoddeuhan — Any, whatever kind of; indefinite adjective

조치도

jochido — Even a measure; step or action taken officially

이야기를

iyagireul — Story, account; object form of 이야기

우리는

urineun — We; first-person plural subject pronoun

듣지

deutji — Hear; negative gerund base of 듣다

못한다

mothanda — Cannot; expresses inability to do something

이

i — This; demonstrative pronoun or determiner

점에서

jeomeseo — In this respect, in this regard; topic marker

그보다

geuboda — Than him; comparative particle attached to pronoun

나았다

naatda — Was better; past tense of 낫다, to be superior

사려

saryo — Prudence, thoughtfulness; careful consideration

깊은

gipeun — Deep; adjective modifying a noun

정신에게

jeongshinege — To a mind or spirit; dative of 정신

종교와

jonggyo wa — Religion and; subject joined with additive particle

같은

gateun — Same, like; adjective expressing similarity

그러한

geureuhan — Such, that kind of; demonstrative adjective

종교는

jonggyoneun — Religion; topic-marked noun referring to a belief system

거의

geoui — Almost, hardly; adverb expressing near-total degree

만족을

manjjogeul — Satisfaction; object form of 만족

주지

juji — Give; negative gerund base of 주다

못했을

mothaesseul — Could not have; past inability modal modifier

것이다

geosida — It is; nominaliser 것 plus copula, stating a fact

그

geu — The, that; definite-like determiner in Korean

신화들은

sinhwadeureun — The myths; topic-marked plural of 신화

종종

jongjong — Often, frequently; adverb of repetition

유치하거나

yuchihageona — Childish or; adjective with disjunctive ending

있을

isseul — That can exist; future modifier of 있다

없는

eomneun — Non-existent, impossible; modifier form of 없다

가르침은

gareuchimeun — The teaching, instruction; topic-marked noun

도덕과

dodeokgwa — Morality and; ethics joined with additive particle

관계가

gwangyega — Relationship, connection; subject-marked noun

없었다

eopseotda — There was not; past tense of 없다

사실상

sasilsang — In reality, practically; adverb meaning in actual fact

거래의

georaeui — Of a transaction; possessive form of 거래

성격을

seonggyeogeul — Character, nature; object-marked noun describing quality

띠고

tigo — Bearing, having; gerund of 띠다, to carry a character

있었다

isseotda — There was, existed; past tense of 있다

즉

jeuk — That is, namely; explanatory conjunction

사람들이

saramdeuri — People; subject-marked plural noun

일정한

iljenghan — Certain, fixed, regular; adjective of regularity

제물과

jemulgwa — Offerings and; sacrificial gifts joined with particle

의식을

uisigeul — Rituals, ceremonies; object-marked noun

바치면

bachimyeon — If they offer; conditional form of 바치다

신들은

sindeureun — The gods; topic-marked plural of 신

옳고

olko — Right and; adjective with additive ending from 옳다

그름에

geureume — To wrongness; dative of 그름, moral wrong

상관없이

sanggwaneopsi — Regardless of; ignoring relevance or relation

자신들의

jasindeului — Their own; reflexive possessive pronoun plural

은총을

euncheungeul — Favour, grace, blessing; object-marked noun

베풀었다

bepureotda — Bestowed, granted; past tense of 베풀다

이런

ireon — This kind of, such; demonstrative adjective

경우에

gyeongue — In such a case, situation; locative noun

모든

modeun — All, every; universal determiner

독실한

doksilhan — Devout, pious; deeply religious adjective

영혼들은

yeonghondeureun — Souls; topic-marked plural noun

철학에

cheolhage — To philosophy; dative-marked academic discipline

의지할

uijihal — To rely on; future modifier of 의지하다

수밖에

subakke — No choice but; expression of inevitability

이는

ineun — This; topic-marked demonstrative pronoun

정도는

jeongdoneun — The degree, extent; topic-marked measure noun

덜했다

deolhaetda — Was less; past tense of 덜하다, to be lesser

초기

chogi — Early period, beginning stage; noun of initial phase

제정

jejeong — Imperial rule; noun referring to an empire's governance

시대에는

sidaeeneun — In the era of; topic-marked time period noun

영역을

yeongyeogeul — Domain, territory; object-marked noun

양분한

yangbunhan — Divided into two; modifier of 양분하다

두

du — Two; numeral adjective

경쟁

gyeongjaeng — Competition, rivalry; noun describing contest

학파가

hakpaga — School of thought; subject-marked academic faction

바로

baro — Exactly, namely, right; emphatic adverb

각

gak — Each, every; distributive determiner

내세운

naesewoon — Advocated, put forward; modifier of 내세우다

이상은

isangeun — The ideal; topic-marked noun of aspiration

명목상으로는

myeongmoksangeuroneun — Nominally, in name only; adverbial topic marker

같았다

gatata — Was the same; past tense of 같다

감정의

gamjeongui — Of emotion, feeling; possessive noun

억제인

eokjein — Suppression, restraint; noun with copula modifier

를

reul — Object particle; marks direct object in a sentence

열망했고

yeolmanghago — Aspired to, longed for; past tense with and

자유인

jayuin — A free person; or freedom being; noun with copula

열망했다

yeolmanghaetda — Aspired to, desired; past tense of 열망하다

결국

gyeolguk — In the end, ultimately; adverb of final outcome

전자는

jeonjaneun — The former; topic-marked noun referring to first item

완강한

wanganghan — Stubborn, unyielding, rigid; strong adjective

인내의

innaeui — Of endurance, patience; possessive noun

동의어가

dongeuiga — Synonym; subject-marked noun meaning equivalent word

되었고

doeeotgo — Became; past tense of 되다 with additive ending

후자는

hujaneun — The latter; topic-marked noun referring to second item

방종의

bangjongui — Of indulgence, licentiousness; possessive noun

되었다

doeeotda — Became; past tense of 되다

대해서는

daeheseoneun — Regarding, about; topic-marked prepositional phrase

지금

jigeum — Now, currently; adverb of present time

다룰

darul — To deal with, handle; future modifier of 다루다

것이

geosi — Thing that; nominaliser with subject particle

없다

eopda — There is not, to lack; negative existence verb

학파의

hakpaui — Of a school of thought; possessive noun

역사와

yeoksawa — History and; topic joined with additive particle

교의를

gyouireul — Doctrine, dogma; object-marked noun of belief

간략히

gallyakhi — Briefly, concisely; adverb of brevity

살펴보는

salpyeoboneun — Examining, looking into; present modifier of 살펴보다

것은

geoseun — The thing that; nominaliser with topic particle

가치

gachi — Value, worth; noun of importance or merit

있는

inneun — Existing, having; present modifier of 있다

일일

iril — A task, matter; noun meaning worthwhile thing

창시자

changshija — Founder, originator; person who establishes something

태어났는데

taeeonannneunde — Was born, but; past birth verb with contrast ending

연도는

yeondoneun — The year; topic-marked noun for date or year

알

al — Know; base form modifier of 알다

없으나

eopseuna — There is not, but; negative existence with contrast

생애는

saengaeeneun — Lifetime, lifespan; topic-marked noun

대략

daeryak — Approximately, roughly; adverb of approximation

기원전

giweonjeon — Before the Common Era, BC; historical time marker

년에서

nyeoneseo — From the year; locative source marker for years

년

nyeon — Year; unit of time

사이로

sairo — Between; locative indicating a range or interval

볼

bol — To see, consider; future modifier of 보다

있다

itda — To exist, to have; fundamental existence verb