Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass, an American Slave — Page 15

Vocabulary

もし

moshi — if, supposing, in the event that

後者

kōsha — the latter of two mentioned things

で

de — particle indicating location, means, or context

ある

aru — to exist, to be (inanimate objects)

なら

nara — if, provided that, conditional particle

ば

ba — conditional particle meaning if or when

彼ら

karera — they, them (referring to a group)

の

no — possessive or nominalizing particle

ため

tame — for the sake of, in order to

に

ni — particle indicating direction, purpose, or location

何

nani — what, which thing or matter

を

wo — object marker particle in Japanese grammar

する

suru — to do, to perform an action

覚悟

kakugo — resolve, readiness, mental preparation for hardship

が

ga — subject marker particle in Japanese grammar

あり

ari — existence, being present (conjunctive form of aru)

敢えて

aete — daring to, deliberately doing something difficult

て

te — conjunctive particle linking sequential actions

挑む

idomu — to challenge, to take on a difficult task

準備

junbi — preparation, readiness, getting things ready

でき

deki — can do, be able to (stem of dekiru)

いる

iru — to exist, to be (animate beings)

です

desu — polite copula meaning is, am, are

か

ka — question marker particle at sentence end

誠実

seijitsu — sincere, honest, faithful in character

あれ

are — imperative form of aru; be, exist

警戒

keikai — vigilance, caution, being on guard

怠る

okotaru — to neglect, to be lazy about a duty

な

na — prohibitive particle meaning don't do

あらゆる

arayuru — every, all kinds of, any possible

軛

kubiki — yoke, burden, oppressive restraint on freedom

断ち切り

tachikiri — cutting off, severing completely (conjunctive form)

虐げ

shiitage — oppression, mistreatment, subjugation of people

られ

rare — passive auxiliary verb suffix indicating being acted upon

た

ta — past tense auxiliary or modifying particle

者

mono — person, one who does or is something

たち

tachi — plural suffix for people or living things

自由

jiyū — freedom, liberty, being unrestricted

努力

doryoku — effort, hard work, diligent striving

惜しむ

oshimu — to begrudge, to spare, to be reluctant about

来よう

koyō — let it come, volitional form of kuru

とも

tomo — even if, no matter what happens

――どんな

donna — what kind of, whatever sort of thing

代価

daika — price, cost, what must be paid

払おう

harаō — let us pay, volitional form of harau

風

kaze — wind, breeze; also style or manner

ひるがえす

hirugaesu — to wave, to flutter, to unfurl a flag

その

sono — that, the (referring to nearby thing)

旗

hata — flag, banner, symbol of a cause

宗教

shūkyō — religion, faith, organized spiritual belief system

的

teki — suffix meaning -ic, -al, pertaining to

政治

seiji — politics, government, political affairs

標語

hyōgo — slogan, motto, catchphrase for a movement

と

to — particle meaning and, with, or quotation marker

し

shi — conjunctive form of suru; do and then

刻み込め

kizamikome — engrave it in, inscribe deeply (imperative form)

奴隷

dorei — slave, person held in bondage

制

sei — system, institution, established framework

妥協

dakyō — compromise, concession, settling for less

なし

nashi — without, none, lacking something entirely

主

nushi / shu — master, lord, owner, principal figure

連帯

rentai — solidarity, joint responsibility, unity among people

年

nen — year, used as a counter for years

月

tsuki / gatsu — month or moon; used as date counter

日

nichi / hi — day, sun; used as a date counter

氏

shi — Mr., Ms., honorific title for a person

から

kara — from, since, because; source or origin particle

手紙

tegami — letter, written correspondence sent to someone

親愛

shin'ai — dear, beloved, affectionate regard for someone

友

tomo — friend, companion, close acquaintance

へ

e — directional particle meaning to, toward

人間

ningen — human being, person, humankind

ライオン

raion — lion, the large African wild cat

いう

iu — to say, to be called, named

古い

furui — old, ancient, not new or modern

寓話

gūwa — fable, allegorical story with a moral

覚え

oboe — memory, recollection; stem of oboeru (to remember)

でしょ

deshō — probably, right? (informal conjecture or confirmation)

そこ

soko — there, that place, that point

は

wa — topic marker particle in Japanese grammar

歴史

rekishi — history, historical record of past events

書い

kaite — writing (conjunctive form of kaku, to write)

自分

jibun — oneself, one's own self or identity

これ

kore — this, this thing close to the speaker

ほど

hodo — to the extent of, as much as

誤っ

ayamatte — mistakenly, erroneously (conjunctive of ayamaru)

描か

egaka — portrayed, depicted (stem of egaku, to depict)

れる

reru — passive voice auxiliary verb suffix

こと

koto — thing, matter, fact, nominalizer

ない

nai — not, negation, does not exist

だろ

daro — probably, I suppose (informal conjecture)

不満

fuman — dissatisfaction, discontent, complaint about something

述べ

nobe — stating, expressing (conjunctive stem of noberu)

まし

mashi — polite past auxiliary (mashita shortened form)

書く

kaku — to write, to compose in written form

時代

jidai — era, age, period of time in history

つい

tsui — just, finally, unintentionally, at last

来

ki — coming (stem of kuru, to come)

私

watashi — I, me, first-person singular pronoun

嬉しく

ureshiku — happily, gladly (adverbial form of ureshii)

思い

omoi — thought, feeling; stem of omou (to think)

ます

masu — polite verb ending for present or future

あまり

amari — too much, excessively, overly so

も

mo — also, too, even, as well

長い

nagai — long, lengthy, extended in time or space

間

aida / ma — interval, period, space between two points

意図

ito — intention, purpose, deliberate aim

せぬ

senu — not doing (negative of suru, classical form)

証言

shōgen — testimony, witness statement, spoken evidence

実態

jittai — actual condition, true state of affairs

読み取る

yomitoru — to read and understand, to discern meaning

余儀なく

yoginaku — inevitably, without other choice, compelled to

さ

sa — suffix nominalizing adjectives; also filler particle

れ

re — passive or potential verb conjugation suffix

き

ki — classical past auxiliary or stem marker

よう

yō — seems like, in the manner of, volitional

関係

kankei — relationship, connection, association between things

生じる

shōjiru — to arise, to occur, to come about

結果

kekka — result, outcome, consequence of an action

概し

gaishi — generally, in general, on the whole

どの

dono — which, what (prenominal interrogative modifier)

明らか

akiraka — clear, obvious, evident, apparent

個々

koko — individual, each one separately, case by case

事例

jirei — case, example, specific instance of something

おい

oi — in, at (classical locative particle); hey (interjection)

それ

sore — that, that thing (near the listener)

当て

ate — applying to, fitting; stem of ateru

はまる

hamaru — to apply, to fit perfectly, to match

どう

dō — how, in what way, what about

さらに

sara ni — furthermore, even more, additionally

探る

saguru — to probe, to investigate, to search out

なく

naku — without, not having (adverbial negative form)

十分

jūbun — sufficient, enough, fully adequate

納得

nattoku — understanding, acceptance, being convinced of something

実際

jissai — actually, in reality, in practice

週

shū — week, used as a counter for weeks

半

han — half, semi-, partial amount

トウモロコシ

tōmorokoshi — corn, maize, cereal grain plant

じっと

jitto — fixedly, motionlessly, staring without moving

見つめ

mitsume — staring at, gazing intently (stem of mitsumeru)

背中

senaka — back, the rear side of a person's torso

鞭

muchi — whip, lash used to strike someone

跡

ato — mark, trace, scar left behind

数える

kazoeru — to count, to enumerate, to tally up

熱心

nesshin — enthusiastic, zealous, earnest about something

人々

hitobito — people, various persons, the public

改革

kaikaku — reform, change for improvement of a system

廃止

haishi — abolition, elimination, doing away with something

論者

ronsha — advocate, proponent, one who argues a position

素質

soshitsu — innate quality, natural ability, aptitude

持つ

motsu — to have, to hold, to possess something

めったに

metta ni — rarely, seldom (used with negative verb)

ませ

mase — polite imperative ending in formal speech

ん

n — negative or explanatory sentence-ending particle

多く

ōku — many, much, a large number of

我々

wareware — we, us, our group (formal first-person plural)

運動

undō — movement, campaign, physical exercise

加わる

kuwawaru — to join, to participate, to be added to

前

mae — before, in front of, prior to

西

nishi — west, western direction

インド

Indo — India, South Asian country

諸島

shotō — archipelago, group of islands

おける

okeru — in, at, regarding (formal locative expression)

実験

jikken — experiment, trial, practical test

待っ

matte — waiting (conjunctive form of matsu, to wait)

とう

tō — finally, at last (after long waiting)

昔

mukashi — long ago, old times, the past

出

de — going out, coming out (stem of deru)

ああ

ā — ah, oh (interjection of emotion or realization)

でも

demo — but, however, even so, nevertheless