On Liberty — Page 3
And all the while he was engaged in studying and preparing for his more ambitious works, while he rose step by step at the India Office.
Y todo ese tiempo estuvo ocupado estudiando y preparándose para sus obras más ambiciosas, mientras ascendía paso a paso en la Oficina de la India.
His _Essays on Unsettled Questions in Political Economy_ were written in 1831, although they did not appear until thirteen years later.
Sus _Ensayos sobre cuestiones no resueltas en Economía Política_ fueron escritos en 1831, aunque no aparecieron hasta trece años después.
His _System of Logic_, the design of which was even then fashioning itself in his brain, took thirteen years to complete, and was actually published before the _Political Economy_.
Su _Sistema de Lógica_, cuyo diseño ya entonces se estaba fraguando en su mente, tardó trece años en completarse, y fue publicado en realidad antes que la _Economía Política_.
In 1844 appeared the article on Michelet, which its author anticipated would cause some discussion, but which did not create the sensation he expected.
En 1844 apareció el artículo sobre Michelet, que su autor anticipaba que causaría cierta discusión, pero que no produjo la sensación que esperaba.
Next year there were the "Claims of Labour" and "Guizot," and in 1847 his articles on Irish affairs in the _Morning Chronicle_.
Al año siguiente aparecieron «Las reivindicaciones del trabajo» y «Guizot», y en 1847 sus artículos sobre los asuntos irlandeses en el _Morning Chronicle_.
These years were very much influenced by his friendship and correspondence with Comte, a curious comradeship between men of such different temperament.
Estos años estuvieron muy marcados por su amistad y correspondencia con Comte, una curiosa camaradería entre hombres de temperamentos tan diferentes.
In 1848 Mill published his _Political Economy_, to which he had given his serious study since the completion of his _Logic_.
En 1848 Mill publicó su _Economía Política_, a la que había dedicado su estudio serio desde la conclusión de su _Lógica_.
His articles and reviews, though they involved a good deal of work--as, for instance, the re-perusal of the _Iliad_ and the _Odyssey_ in the original before reviewing Grote's _Greece_--were recreation to the student.
Sus artículos y reseñas, aunque suponían una gran cantidad de trabajo —como, por ejemplo, la relectura de la _Ilíada_ y la _Odisea_ en el original antes de reseñar la _Grecia_ de Grote— eran un entretenimiento para el estudioso.
The year 1856 saw him head of the Examiners' Office in the India House, and another two years brought the end of his official work, owing to the transfer of India to the Crown.
El año 1856 lo vio convertido en jefe de la Oficina de Examinadores en la Casa de la India, y otros dos años más pusieron fin a su labor oficial, debido al traspaso de la India a la Corona.
In the same year his wife died.
En ese mismo año murió su esposa.
Vocabulary
- todo
- Meaning 'all' or 'everything'; indicates totality.
- ese
- Demonstrative adjective or pronoun meaning 'that.'
- tiempo
- Meaning 'time' or 'weather'; common everyday noun.
- estuvo
- Past tense of 'estar'; meaning 'was' temporarily.
- ocupado
- Adjective meaning 'busy' or 'occupied' with tasks.
- estudiando
- Gerund of 'estudiar'; meaning 'studying' continuously.
- preparándose
- Reflexive gerund meaning 'preparing oneself' for something.
- para
- Preposition meaning 'for' or 'in order to.'
- sus
- Possessive adjective meaning 'his,' 'her,' or 'their.'
- obras
- Noun meaning 'works,' referring to artistic or literary creations.
- más
- Adverb meaning 'more'; used in comparisons.
- ambiciosas
- Adjective meaning 'ambitious'; describing grand or challenging projects.
- mientras
- Conjunction meaning 'while' or 'as long as.'
- ascendía
- Imperfect tense of 'ascender'; meaning 'was rising' in rank.
- paso
- Noun meaning 'step'; also used in phrases like 'paso a paso.'
- Oficina
- Noun meaning 'office'; a place where administrative work happens.
- _Ensayos
- Noun meaning 'essays'; short analytical or argumentative writings.
- sobre
- Preposition meaning 'about' or 'on' a topic.
- cuestiones
- Noun meaning 'questions' or 'issues' under discussion.
- resueltas
- Adjective meaning 'unresolved' or 'unsolved'; past participle of 'resolver.'
- Economía
- Noun meaning 'economics' or 'economy'; study of resources.
- Política_
- Noun meaning 'politics' or 'policy'; governance and power studies.
- fueron
- Preterite of 'ser' or 'ir'; meaning 'were' or 'went.'
- escritos
- Past participle of 'escribir'; meaning 'written' documents or texts.
- aunque
- Conjunction meaning 'although' or 'even though.'
- aparecieron
- Preterite of 'aparecer'; meaning 'appeared' or 'were published.'
- hasta
- Preposition meaning 'until' or 'up to' a point.
- trece
- Number meaning 'thirteen.'
- años
- Noun meaning 'years'; unit of time measurement.
- después
- Adverb meaning 'after' or 'afterwards.'
- _Sistema
- Noun meaning 'system'; an organized set of principles or methods.
- Lógica_
- Noun meaning 'logic'; the study of reasoning and argumentation.
- cuyo
- Relative possessive pronoun meaning 'whose.'
- diseño
- Noun meaning 'design' or 'plan'; outline of a project.
- ya
- Adverb meaning 'already' or 'now.'
- entonces
- Adverb meaning 'then' or 'at that time.'
- estaba
- Imperfect of 'estar'; meaning 'was' in a temporary state.
- fraguando
- Gerund meaning 'forming' or 'taking shape' in the mind.
- mente
- Noun meaning 'mind'; the center of thought and intellect.
- tardó
- Preterite of 'tardar'; meaning 'took long' or 'delayed.'
- completarse
- Reflexive infinitive meaning 'to be completed' or finished.
- fue
- Preterite of 'ser' or 'ir'; meaning 'was' or 'went.'
- publicado
- Past participle of 'publicar'; meaning 'published' for public access.
- realidad
- Noun meaning 'reality'; the actual state of things.
- antes
- Adverb meaning 'before' or 'earlier' in time.
- _Economía
- Noun meaning 'economics'; study of production and distribution of wealth.
- apareció
- Preterite of 'aparecer'; meaning 'appeared' or 'was published.'
- artículo
- Noun meaning 'article'; a piece of writing in a publication.
- autor
- Noun meaning 'author'; a person who writes books or articles.
- anticipaba
- Imperfect of 'anticipar'; meaning 'anticipated' or 'expected' beforehand.
- causaría
- Conditional of 'causar'; meaning 'would cause' a reaction.
- cierta
- Adjective meaning 'certain' or 'some'; indicating a degree.
- discusión
- Noun meaning 'discussion' or 'debate' among people.
- pero
- Conjunction meaning 'but'; introduces a contrasting idea.
- produjo
- Preterite of 'producir'; meaning 'produced' or 'caused' an effect.
- sensación
- Noun meaning 'sensation' or 'great impression'; causing excitement.
- esperaba
- Imperfect of 'esperar'; meaning 'was expecting' or 'hoped for.'
- año
- Noun meaning 'year'; a period of twelve months.
- siguiente
- Adjective meaning 'following' or 'next' in sequence.
- reivindicaciones
- Noun meaning 'claims' or 'demands'; assertions of rights or needs.
- trabajo
- Noun meaning 'work' or 'labor'; employment or effort.
- artículos
- Plural noun meaning 'articles'; written pieces in publications.
- asuntos
- Noun meaning 'matters' or 'affairs'; topics of concern.
- irlandeses
- Adjective meaning 'Irish'; relating to Ireland or its people.
- Estos
- Demonstrative pronoun meaning 'these'; refers to nearby items.
- estuvieron
- Preterite of 'estar'; meaning 'were' in a temporary state.
- muy
- Adverb meaning 'very'; intensifies adjectives and adverbs.
- marcados
- Past participle meaning 'marked' or 'influenced' significantly.
- por
- Preposition meaning 'by,' 'for,' or 'through.'
- amistad
- Noun meaning 'friendship'; a close relationship between people.
- correspondencia
- Noun meaning 'correspondence'; exchange of letters or communication.
- curiosa
- Adjective meaning 'curious' or 'interesting'; provoking attention.
- camaradería
- Noun meaning 'camaraderie'; mutual trust and friendship between people.
- entre
- Preposition meaning 'between' or 'among.'
- hombres
- Noun meaning 'men'; plural of 'hombre.'
- temperamentos
- Noun meaning 'temperaments'; characteristic ways of thinking or feeling.
- tan
- Adverb meaning 'so' or 'such'; used in comparisons.
- diferentes
- Adjective meaning 'different'; not alike in nature or quality.
- publicó
- Preterite of 'publicar'; meaning 'published' a written work.
- había
- Imperfect of 'haber'; used to form past perfect tense.
- dedicado
- Past participle of 'dedicar'; meaning 'devoted' time or effort.
- estudio
- Noun meaning 'study'; careful examination or research of a subject.
- serio
- Adjective meaning 'serious'; showing sincerity and deep engagement.
- desde
- Preposition meaning 'since' or 'from' a point in time.
- conclusión
- Noun meaning 'conclusion'; the end or final result of something.
- _Lógica_
- Noun meaning 'logic'; title referring to Mill's work on reasoning.
- reseñas
- Noun meaning 'reviews'; critical assessments of books or works.
- suponían
- Imperfect of 'suponer'; meaning 'involved' or 'implied' considerable effort.
- gran
- Adjective meaning 'great' or 'large'; indicates magnitude.
- cantidad
- Noun meaning 'quantity' or 'amount'; a measurable degree.
- como
- Conjunction or adverb meaning 'as,' 'like,' or 'for example.'
- ejemplo
- Noun meaning 'example'; an instance used to illustrate a point.
- relectura
- Noun meaning 're-reading'; the act of reading a text again.
- original
- Adjective meaning 'original'; the primary or first version.
- reseñar
- Verb meaning 'to review'; to write a critical assessment.
- eran
- Imperfect of 'ser'; meaning 'were' as a permanent characteristic.
- entretenimiento
- Noun meaning 'entertainment' or 'pastime'; a pleasurable activity.
- estudioso
- Adjective or noun meaning 'studious' or 'scholar.'
- vio
- Preterite of 'ver'; meaning 'saw' or 'witnessed' something.
- convertido
- Past participle of 'convertir'; meaning 'turned into' or 'become.'
- jefe
- Noun meaning 'chief' or 'head'; a leader or supervisor.
- Examinadores
- Noun meaning 'examiners'; those who assess or evaluate others.
- Casa
- Noun meaning 'house'; here referring to the East India Company office.
- otros
- Adjective or pronoun meaning 'other' or 'others.'
- dos
- Number meaning 'two.'
- pusieron
- Preterite of 'poner'; meaning 'put' or 'placed'; here 'put an end to.'
- fin
- Noun meaning 'end' or 'conclusion'; termination of something.
- labor
- Noun meaning 'labor' or 'work'; professional duties performed.
- oficial
- Adjective meaning 'official'; relating to formal duties or positions.
- debido
- Adjective meaning 'due' or 'owing to'; indicating a cause.
- traspaso
- Noun meaning 'transfer' or 'handover' of control or property.
- Corona
- Noun meaning 'Crown'; referring to the British Crown's authority.
- mismo
- Adjective or pronoun meaning 'same' or 'himself.'
- murió
- Preterite of 'morir'; meaning 'died.'
- esposa
- Noun meaning 'wife'; a married female partner.
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