On Liberty — Page 3
And all the while he was engaged in studying and preparing for his more ambitious works, while he rose step by step at the India Office.
Et pendant tout ce temps, il s'occupait à étudier et à préparer ses œuvres plus ambitieuses, tandis qu'il gravissait pas à pas les échelons de l'India Office.
His _Essays on Unsettled Questions in Political Economy_ were written in 1831, although they did not appear until thirteen years later.
Ses _Essais sur des questions non résolues d'économie politique_ furent écrits en 1831, bien qu'ils ne parurent que treize ans plus tard.
His _System of Logic_, the design of which was even then fashioning itself in his brain, took thirteen years to complete, and was actually published before the _Political Economy_.
Son _Système de logique_, dont le plan se façonnait alors dans son esprit, prit treize ans à achever, et fut en réalité publié avant l'_Économie politique_.
In 1844 appeared the article on Michelet, which its author anticipated would cause some discussion, but which did not create the sensation he expected.
En 1844 parut l'article sur Michelet, dont l'auteur anticipait qu'il provoquerait quelque discussion, mais qui ne créa pas la sensation qu'il escomptait.
Next year there were the "Claims of Labour" and "Guizot," and in 1847 his articles on Irish affairs in the _Morning Chronicle_.
L'année suivante parurent les « Revendications du travail » et « Guizot », et en 1847 ses articles sur les affaires irlandaises dans le _Morning Chronicle_.
These years were very much influenced by his friendship and correspondence with Comte, a curious comradeship between men of such different temperament.
Ces années furent très fortement marquées par son amitié et sa correspondance avec Comte, une curieuse camaraderie entre des hommes de tempéraments si différents.
In 1848 Mill published his _Political Economy_, to which he had given his serious study since the completion of his _Logic_.
En 1848, Mill publia son _Économie politique_, à laquelle il s'était sérieusement consacré depuis l'achèvement de sa _Logique_.
His articles and reviews, though they involved a good deal of work--as, for instance, the re-perusal of the _Iliad_ and the _Odyssey_ in the original before reviewing Grote's _Greece_--were recreation to the student.
Ses articles et comptes rendus, bien qu'ils impliquassent beaucoup de travail — comme, par exemple, la relecture de l'_Iliade_ et de l'_Odyssée_ dans le texte original avant de critiquer la _Grèce_ de Grote — étaient un délassement pour l'érudit.
The year 1856 saw him head of the Examiners' Office in the India House, and another two years brought the end of his official work, owing to the transfer of India to the Crown.
L'année 1856 le vit à la tête du Bureau des examinateurs à l'India House, et deux années supplémentaires amenèrent la fin de ses fonctions officielles, en raison du transfert de l'Inde à la Couronne.
In the same year his wife died.
La même année, sa femme mourut.
Vocabulary
- pendant
- During; for a period of time.
- tout
- All, every, or entirely; very common French word.
- ce
- Demonstrative pronoun or adjective meaning 'this' or 'that'.
- temps
- Time; also weather depending on context.
- occupait
- Was busy with; was occupied doing something.
- étudier
- To study; to examine or learn a subject.
- préparer
- To prepare; to make ready in advance.
- œuvres
- Works, especially literary or artistic creations.
- plus
- More; used in comparisons or to indicate greater degree.
- ambitieuses
- Ambitious; having or showing great drive and aspiration.
- tandis
- Used in 'tandis que' meaning 'while' or 'whereas'.
- gravissait
- Was climbing; ascending step by step (imperfect tense).
- pas
- Step; also negation particle in 'ne...pas'.
- échelons
- Rungs or levels; steps in a hierarchy or career.
- Essais
- Essays; short analytical or argumentative written works.
- questions
- Questions; issues or topics under consideration.
- résolues
- Resolved, solved; past participle of 'résoudre'.
- économie politique
- Political economy; study of production, trade, and government policy.
- furent
- Were; simple past (passé simple) of 'être'.
- écrits
- Written; past participle of 'écrire', also means 'writings'.
- bien
- Well; also 'although' or 'even though' in certain constructions.
- parurent
- Appeared, were published; passé simple of 'paraître'.
- treize
- Thirteen; the number 13.
- ans
- Years; units of time equal to twelve months.
- tard
- Late; at a later time than expected.
- dont
- Relative pronoun meaning 'of which', 'whose', or 'from which'.
- le plan
- The plan or outline; a scheme or structural design.
- se façonnait
- Was taking shape; was being formed or molded gradually.
- alors
- Then; at that time or in that case.
- son esprit
- His mind; one's intellectual or mental faculty.
- prit
- Took; passé simple of 'prendre'.
- achever
- To complete, finish, or bring to an end.
- fut
- Was; passé simple of 'être'.
- réalité
- Reality; the state of things as they actually exist.
- publié
- Published; made available to the public in print.
- avant
- Before; earlier in time or ahead in position.
- Économie
- Economy or economics; management of resources and finances.
- parut
- Appeared, was published; passé simple of 'paraître'.
- article
- Article; a written piece published in a journal or newspaper.
- auteur
- Author; a person who writes books or articles.
- anticipait
- Anticipated; expected something would happen beforehand.
- provoquerait
- Would provoke or cause; conditional of 'provoquer'.
- quelque
- Some; a small or unspecified amount or number.
- discussion
- Discussion; a conversation or debate about a topic.
- créa
- Created; passé simple of 'créer'.
- la sensation
- The sensation; a strong public reaction or excitement.
- escomptait
- Expected, anticipated; was counting on a particular outcome.
- L'année suivante
- The following year; the year immediately after.
- Revendications
- Claims, demands; assertions of rights or entitlements.
- du travail
- Of labor; relating to work or the working class.
- articles
- Articles; short written works on specific topics.
- affaires
- Affairs, matters, or business dealings; important concerns.
- irlandaises
- Irish; relating to Ireland or its people.
- très fortement
- Very strongly; with great intensity or force.
- marquées
- Marked, characterized; strongly defined by something.
- amitié
- Friendship; a close, affectionate bond between people.
- sa correspondance
- His correspondence; exchange of letters with someone.
- une curieuse camaraderie
- A curious camaraderie; an unusual mutual friendship or companionship.
- entre
- Between; in the space separating two or more things.
- hommes
- Men; adult male human beings.
- tempéraments
- Temperaments; natural dispositions or characteristic ways of behaving.
- si différents
- So different; varying greatly from one another.
- publia
- Published; passé simple of 'publier'.
- laquelle
- Which; feminine relative or interrogative pronoun.
- sérieusement
- Seriously; in a thoughtful or earnest manner.
- consacré
- Devoted, dedicated; committed time or effort to something.
- depuis
- Since; from a past point in time until now.
- achèvement
- Completion, achievement; the act of finishing something.
- comptes rendus
- Reviews, reports; written accounts summarizing something read or seen.
- impliquassent
- Required, entailed; imperfect subjunctive of 'impliquer'.
- beaucoup
- A lot, many; indicating a large quantity or degree.
- exemple
- Example; an instance illustrating a general rule or point.
- relecture
- Rereading; the act of reading something a second time.
- texte original
- Original text; the source document in its native language.
- critiquer
- To critique; to analyze and evaluate a work critically.
- Grèce
- Greece; country in southeastern Europe with ancient civilization.
- un délassement
- A relaxation, diversion; a leisure activity for unwinding.
- érudit
- Scholar, erudite person; someone with deep academic knowledge.
- vit
- Saw; passé simple of 'voir', also 'lived' from 'vivre'.
- tête
- Head; also used figuratively as 'at the head of'.
- Bureau
- Office, bureau; an administrative department or workplace.
- examinateurs
- Examiners; people who administer or evaluate examinations.
- supplémentaires
- Additional, supplementary; extra beyond what is standard.
- amenèrent
- Brought about, led to; passé simple of 'amener'.
- fin
- End; conclusion or termination of something.
- fonctions officielles
- Official duties; formal responsibilities of a public position.
- raison
- Reason; a cause, explanation, or justification for something.
- transfert
- Transfer; the act of moving authority or control elsewhere.
- Inde
- India; large country in South Asia.
- Couronne
- Crown; the monarchy or royal authority of a state.
- La même
- The same; indicating something identical or concurrent.
- femme
- Woman; wife; adult female person.
- mourut
- Died; passé simple of 'mourir'.
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