On Liberty — Page 8

Vocabulary

ci

Us, to us, or reflexive particle in Italian

racconta

Tells, narrates, recounts a story or account

nella

In the, contraction of in and la

sua

His, her, its; possessive adjective third person

_Vita

Life; title word meaning biography or life account

di

Of, from; very common Italian preposition

che

That, which, who; extremely common Italian conjunction

fece

Made, did; past tense of fare third person singular

una

A, an; indefinite article feminine singular form

riparazione

Reparation, repair, compensation for a wrong done

sostanziale

Substantial, considerable, significant in amount or degree

per

For, through, by; very common Italian preposition

la

The; definite article feminine singular in Italian

calamità

Calamity, disaster, serious misfortune or catastrophe

cui

Whom, which, whose; relative pronoun in Italian

era

Was; imperfect tense of essere third person singular

responsabile

Responsible, accountable for an action or outcome

inducendo

Inducing, persuading, leading someone to do something

l'

The; elided definite article before vowel in Italian

offeso

Offended, wronged; past participle of offendere

autore

Author, writer, creator of a literary work

ad

To, at; preposition used before vowels in Italian

accettare

To accept, to receive something offered willingly

metà

Half, halfway point; noun indicating equal division

delle

Of the; contraction of di and le, feminine plural

sterline

Pounds sterling; British currency unit, plural form

gli

Him, to him; indirect object pronoun or article

aveva

Had; imperfect tense of avere third person singular

offerto

Offered; past participle of offrire, to offer

La

The; definite article feminine singular in Italian

signora

Lady, Mrs., woman; polite form of address for women

come

How, like, as; common Italian conjunction and adverb

ho

I have; present tense of avere first person singular

già

Already, yet; common Italian adverb of time

detto

Said, told; past participle of dire, to say

morì

Died; past tense of morire third person singular

nel

In the; contraction of in and il, masculine singular

dopo

After, afterwards; common Italian preposition and adverb

sette

Seven; cardinal number in Italian

anni

Years; plural of anno, year in Italian

felice

Happy, fortunate, glad; common Italian adjective

compagnia

Company, companionship, being together with someone

con

With; very common Italian preposition of accompaniment

il

The; definite article masculine singular in Italian

marito

Husband; male spouse in a marriage relationship

e

And; most common Italian coordinating conjunction

fu

Was; past tense of essere third person singular

sepolta

Buried; past participle of seppellire, to bury

L'

The; elided definite article before vowel in Italian

iscrizione

Inscription, engraving, written text on a monument

scrisse

Wrote; past tense of scrivere third person singular

tomba

Tomb, grave; place where a deceased person is buried

è

Is; present tense of essere third person singular

troppo

Too, too much; adverb indicating excess in Italian

caratteristica

Characteristic, typical feature or distinctive quality

essere

To be; fundamental Italian auxiliary and linking verb

omessa

Omitted, left out; past participle of omettere

Il

The; definite article masculine singular in Italian

suo

His, her, its; possessive adjective third person masculine

grande

Great, large, big; very common Italian adjective

amorevole

Loving, affectionate, tender; adjective describing warm feelings

cuore

Heart; organ, also used figuratively for emotions

nobile

Noble, elevated, dignified; adjective of high character

anima

Soul, spirit; inner essence of a person

intelletto

Intellect, mind, intelligence; cognitive faculty of reasoning

chiaro

Clear, bright, light; common Italian adjective

potente

Powerful, strong, mighty; adjective indicating great power

originale

Original, unique, creative; not copied or derivative

comprensivo

Comprehensive, understanding, inclusive; covering much ground

fecero

Made, did; past tense of fare third person plural

lei

Her, she; third person feminine pronoun in Italian

guida

Guide, leader, guidance; one who directs or leads

sostegno

Support, backing, prop; something that holds up another

maestra

Teacher, mistress, expert; female instructor or master

in

In, at, into; very common Italian preposition

saggezza

Wisdom, sagacity; quality of being wise and judicious

esempio

Example, model, instance; something to be imitated

bontà

Goodness, kindness; quality of being morally good

unica

Unique, only, sole; one of a kind, feminine form

gioia

Joy, delight, happiness; strong feeling of pleasure

terrena

Earthly, worldly; relating to life on Earth

coloro

Those who, they who; demonstrative pronoun for people

ebbero

Had; past tense of avere third person plural form

felicità

Happiness, felicity; state of being happy or fortunate

appartenerle

To belong to her; infinitive with dative clitic attached

Tanto

So much, as much; adverb indicating degree or quantity

seria

Serious, earnest; adjective describing grave or sincere manner

perseguire

To pursue, to seek; to strive after a goal

bene

Good, well; noun or adverb indicating goodness or wellness

pubblico

Public, communal; relating to the community or society

quanto

How much, as much; conjunction or pronoun of quantity

generosa

Generous, giving; adjective describing someone freely giving

devota

Devoted, dedicated, faithful; adjective of strong commitment

verso

Toward, towards; preposition indicating direction or regard

tutti

All, everyone, everybody; pronoun or adjective of totality

circondavano

Surrounded; imperfect tense of circondare third person plural

influenza

Influence, effect; power to affect others' actions or thoughts

si

Oneself, itself; reflexive pronoun in Italian

fatta

Made, done; past participle of fare, feminine singular

sentire

To feel, to hear, to sense; common Italian verb

molti

Many, a lot; plural adjective or pronoun of quantity

dei

Of the; contraction of di and i, masculine plural

più

More, most; very common Italian adverb of comparison

grandi

Great, large; plural form of grande, adjective

progressi

Progress, advances; plural of progresso, forward developments

dell'

Of the; elided contraction of di and lo or la

epoca

Era, epoch, age; a particular period of history

farà

Will make, will do; future tense of fare third singular

quelli

Those; demonstrative pronoun masculine plural in Italian

ancora

Still, yet, again; common Italian adverb of time

a

To, at; very common Italian preposition of place or direction

venire

To come; fundamental Italian verb of movement

Se

If; common Italian conditional conjunction

fossero

Were; subjunctive imperfect of essere third person plural

anche

Also, too, even; very common Italian adverb

solo

Only, alone, just; adverb or adjective of solitude

pochi

Few, a few; plural adjective indicating small number

cuori

Hearts; plural of cuore, hearts both literal and figurative

intelletti

Intellects, minds; plural of intelletto, thinking faculties

questa

This; demonstrative adjective or pronoun feminine singular

terra

Earth, land, ground; the planet or soil underfoot

diventerebbe

Would become; conditional tense of diventare third singular

Paradiso

Paradise, heaven; place of perfect happiness or bliss

tanto

So much, so; adverb indicating degree or quantity

sperato

Hoped for; past participle of sperare, to hope

Queste

These; demonstrative adjective or pronoun feminine plural

righe

Lines, rows; plural of riga, lines of written text

provano

Prove, demonstrate; present tense of provare third plural

intensità

Intensity, strength; degree of force or feeling

del

Of the; contraction of di and il, masculine singular

sentimento

Feeling, sentiment, emotion; inner emotional state

non

Not; essential Italian negation adverb

teme

Fears; present tense of temere third person singular

abbondanza

Abundance, plenty; having a great quantity of something

verbosità

Verbosity, wordiness; excessive use of words in expression

ma

But; common Italian adversative coordinating conjunction

egli

He; third person masculine singular subject pronoun, formal

riusciva

Was able to, managed to; imperfect of riuscire third singular

immaginare

To imagine, to picture; to form a mental image

quale

Which, what; interrogative or relative pronoun in Italian

effetto

Effect, result, impact; consequence produced by a cause

avrebbero

Would have; conditional tense of avere third person plural

avuto

Had; past participle of avere, to have

sugli

On the; contraction of su and gli, masculine plural

altri

Others, other people; plural pronoun or adjective

disse

Said; past tense of dire third person singular form

reputazione

Reputation, standing; how one is regarded by others

poteva

Could, was able to; imperfect of potere third singular

sopravvivere

To survive, to outlast; to continue living after hardship

simili

Similar, such, like; adjective indicating resemblance or sameness

manifestazioni

Manifestations, demonstrations; outward expressions of something