On Liberty — Page 3

Vocabulary

その

sono — That (adjective modifying a noun).

間

あいだ / かん (aida/kan) — Interval, period, or space between things.

ずっと

zutto — Continuously, all along, far more.

彼

kare — He, him; third-person masculine pronoun.

は

wa — Topic-marking particle indicating sentence topic.

インド

Indo — India; the South Asian country.

省

shō — Government ministry or department.

で

de — Particle indicating location of action or means.

一歩

ippo — One step; a single step forward.

昇進

shōshin — Promotion to a higher rank or position.

し

shi — Conjunctive form of する (to do).

ながら

nagara — While doing; simultaneous action conjunction.

より

yori — Than; from; comparative or starting-point particle.

野心

yashin — Ambition, aspiration, drive for achievement.

的

teki — Suffix meaning '-ic' or '-like'; adjectival suffix.

な

na — Adjectival particle linking na-adjectives to nouns.

著作

chosaku — Written work, literary or scholarly publication.

の

no — Possessive or nominalizing particle.

ため

tame — For the sake of; purpose or benefit.

研究

kenkyū — Research, study, academic investigation.

と

to — And; with; quotation particle.

準備

junbi — Preparation, readiness, getting ready.

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, location, or purpose.

従事

jūji — Engagement in work or an occupation.

て

te — Te-form connective linking sequential actions.

い

i — Stem of いる; indicates ongoing state or action.

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary verb ending.

経済学

keizaigaku — Economics; the academic study of economy.

未解決

mikaketsu — Unsolved, unresolved, still pending a solution.

問題

mondai — Problem, question, issue under discussion.

論集

ronshū — Collected essays or treatises in a volume.

年

nen — Year; counter for years.

執筆

shippitsu — Writing (a manuscript); putting pen to paper.

さ

sa — Passive auxiliary or nominalizing suffix.

れ

re — Passive voice inflectional ending.

が

ga — Subject marker particle; but (conjunction).

出版

shuppan — Publication; publishing a book or work.

それ

sore — That; third-person demonstrative pronoun.

から

kara — From; after; because (particle).

後

go / nochi — After, later, subsequent period of time.

こと

koto — Thing, fact, nominalizer for verb phrases.

あっ

a(tte) — Te-form of ある (to be/exist); and there was.

論理学

ronrigaku — Logic; the academic study of reasoning.

体系

taikei — System, framework, organized structure of ideas.

構想

kōsō — Conception, plan, overall design of a work.

すでに

sudeni — Already, by this time, prior to now.

頭

atama — Head; mind; top of something.

中

naka / chū — Inside, within, middle of something.

形成

keisei — Formation, shaping, development of a form.

つつ

tsutsu — While doing; gradual or simultaneous action.

完成

kansei — Completion, finishing, bringing to perfection.

まで

made — Until, up to, as far as (particle).

を

wo/o — Object-marking particle for direct objects.

要し

yōshi — Required, needed (conjunctive form of 要する).

実際

jissai — In reality, actually, in practice.

原理

genri — Principle, fundamental rule or truth.

先

saki — Before, ahead, earlier, previous.

関する

kansuru — To relate to, concern, be about something.

論文

ronbun — Academic paper, thesis, scholarly essay.

発表

happyō — Announcement, presentation, publication of findings.

著者

chosha — Author, writer of a book or article.

ある

aru — To exist (inanimate); a certain (prenominal).

程度

teido — Degree, extent, level, certain amount.

議論

giron — Debate, argument, discussion of a topic.

呼ぶ

yobu — To call, invite, attract, give rise to.

予想

yosō — Expectation, prediction, anticipation of outcome.

もの

mono — Thing, object; nominalizer expressing expectation.

期待

kitai — Expectation, hope, anticipation of something good.

ほど

hodo — To the extent that; as much as (particle).

反響

hankyō — Resonance, response, public reaction to something.

生ま

uma (れ) — Born; generated (stem of 生まれる).

なかっ

nakat(ta) — Was not; negative past auxiliary ending.

翌年

yokunen — The following year, next year.

労働

rōdō — Labor, work, physical or manual toil.

主張

shuchō — Assertion, claim, insistence on a position.

モーニング

Mōningu — Morning (English loanword).

アイルランド

Airurando — Ireland; the island nation in northwest Europe.

掲載

keisai — Publication in a newspaper or periodical.

これら

korera — These (plural demonstrative pronoun).

年月

toshitsuki — Years and months; passage of time.

友情

yūjō — Friendship, bonds of companionship and affection.

文通

buntsū — Correspondence, exchange of letters between people.

よっ

yo(tte) — By means of; due to (te-form of よる).

大きく

ōkiku — Greatly, largely, in a big way.

影響

eikyō — Influence, effect, impact on something.

受け

uke — Receiving; to receive (conjunctive form).

これ

kore — This; first-person demonstrative pronoun.

気質

kishitsu / katagi — Temperament, disposition, natural character.

異なる

kotonaru — To differ, be different, vary from something.

人物

jinbutsu — Person, individual, character of note.

同士

dōshi — Fellow, companions, people of the same kind.

奇妙

kimyō — Strange, peculiar, odd, curious.

以来

irai — Since, ever since a past point in time.

真剣

shinken — Serious, earnest, with genuine effort.

重ね

kasane — Stacking, accumulating, repeating an action.

き

ki — Perfective auxiliary (literary past tense).

や

ya — And (listing particle); or; exclamatory particle.

書評

shohyō — Book review, critical evaluation of a publication.

たとえば

tatoeba — For example, for instance.

ギリシア

Girishia — Greece; the Southern European country.

史

shi — History, chronicle, historical record.

評する

hyōsuru — To review, evaluate, comment on critically.

前

mae — Before, in front of, previous to.

原典

genten — Original text, primary source, authoritative edition.

読み直す

yominaosu — To reread, read again from the beginning.

など

nado — Et cetera, and so on, for example.

かなり

kanari — Considerably, fairly, quite a lot.

労力

rōryoku — Labor, effort, physical or mental exertion.

この

kono — This (adjective modifying a nearby noun).

学究

gakkyū — Scholar, devoted academic researcher.

徒

to — Follower, devotee, person of a certain type.

とっ

to(tte) — For (te-form of とる); in respect to.

気晴らし

kibarashi — Diversion, pastime, relief from stress.

本社

honsha — Head office, main company headquarters.

審査

shinsa — Examination, screening, review or assessment.

部長

buchō — Department head, section chief, division manager.

なり

nari — Became; connective form of なる (to become).

さら

sara (に) — Furthermore, even more, additionally.

王室

ōshitsu — Royal family, the monarchy.

移管

ikan — Transfer of jurisdiction or administrative control.

官職

kanshoku — Government post, official public office.

仕事

shigoto — Work, job, occupation, task.

終わり

owari — End, conclusion, close of something.

告げ

tsuge — To tell, announce, signal the end (conjunctive).

同年

dōnen — The same year, that same year.

妻

tsuma — Wife, one's own spouse (female).

亡くなっ

nakunat(ta) — Passed away, died (polite expression for death).