On Liberty — Page 2

Vocabulary

私

watashi — First-person pronoun meaning 'I' or 'me'.

は

wa — Topic-marking particle indicating the sentence topic.

少年

shōnen — A boy or young male person.

だった

datta — Past tense copula meaning 'was' or 'were'.

こと

koto — Abstract noun meaning 'thing', 'fact', or 'experience'.

が

ga — Subject-marking particle identifying the grammatical subject.

ない

nai — Negative auxiliary meaning 'not exist' or 'there is not'.

と

to — Particle meaning 'and', 'with', or quotation marker.

彼

kare — Third-person pronoun meaning 'he' or 'him'.

言う

iu — Verb meaning 'to say' or 'to speak'.

を

wo — Object-marking particle indicating the direct object.

した

shita — Past tense of 'suru', meaning 'did' or 'performed'.

も

mo — Particle meaning 'also', 'too', or 'even'.

一度

ichido — Once, or one time.

の

no — Possessive or linking particle connecting nouns.

運動

undō — Exercise, movement, or physical activity.

父親

chichioya — One's own father or a father figure.

散歩

sanpo — A leisurely walk or stroll outdoors.

いう

iu — Verb meaning 'to say', 'to call', or 'named'.

形

katachi — Shape, form, or manner of something.

で

de — Particle indicating means, location of action, or cause.

行わ

okonawa — Stem form of 'to carry out' or 'to perform'.

れ

re — Passive auxiliary verb suffix indicating passive voice.

その

sono — Demonstrative adjective meaning 'that' or 'those'.

間

aida — Interval, period of time, or space between things.

父

chichi — One's own father; used within one's family context.

息子

musuko — One's own son or a male child.

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, location, time, or target.

講義

kōgi — A lecture or formal academic lesson.

行い

okonai — Conduct, deed, or act of performing something.

学業

gakugyō — Academic studies or schoolwork and educational achievements.

ついて

tsuite — Particle phrase meaning 'about', 'concerning', or 'regarding'.

試問

shimon — An oral examination or questioning of a student.

異なる

kotonaru — To differ, to be different, or to vary.

扱い

atsukai — Treatment, handling, or manner of dealing with someone.

受け

uke — Stem of 'to receive', 'to undergo', or 'accept'.

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary indicating completed action.

場合

baai — Case, situation, or circumstances under which something occurs.

どの

dono — Interrogative adjective meaning 'which' or 'what kind of'.

よう

yō — Manner or appearance; used in expressions like 'such as'.

な

na — Adjectival copula linking na-adjectives to nouns.

結果

kekka — Result, outcome, or consequence of an action.

なっ

nat- — Contracted stem of 'naru', meaning 'to become'.

か

ka — Question particle placed at the end of a sentence.

憶測

okusoku — Speculation, conjecture, or guessing without solid evidence.

し

shi — Conjunctive form of 'suru'; also lists reasons.

て

te — Conjunctive particle connecting sequential or concurrent actions.

無意味

muimi — Meaningless, pointless, or without purpose or significance.

ある

aru — Verb meaning 'to exist' or 'there is' (inanimate).

生涯

shōgai — One's lifetime, entire life, or lifelong period.

通じ

tsūji — Through, via, or throughout; stem of 'tsūjiru'.

虚弱

kyojaku — Physical frailty, weakness, or delicate constitution.

まま

mama — As is, leaving something in its current state.

あっ

at- — Contracted stem of 'aru', indicating existence or state.

肉体

nikutai — The physical body or flesh of a person.

的

teki — Suffix meaning '-ic', '-al', or 'relating to'.

弱さ

yowasa — Weakness, feebleness, or lack of physical strength.

しばしば

shibashiba — Often, frequently, or repeatedly occurring.

結びつく

musubitsuku — To be connected, linked, or associated with something.

強烈

kyōretsu — Intense, powerful, or extremely strong in degree.

精神

seishin — Mind, spirit, or mental and psychological energy.

エネルギー

enerugī — Energy, vitality, or power; borrowed from English.

授け

sazuke — To grant, bestow, or endow someone with something.

られ

rare — Passive or potential auxiliary verb suffix form.

い

i — Continuative form of 'iru'; indicates ongoing state.

青年

seinen — A young man or youth in early adulthood.

期

ki — Period, phase, or stage of time in life.

思想

shisō — Thought, ideology, or philosophical ideas and beliefs.

ため

tame — For the sake of, due to, or because of.

犠牲

gisei — Sacrifice, offering something up for a greater cause.

さ

sa — Nominalizing suffix converting adjectives into abstract nouns.

よっ

yot- — Contracted form of 'yotte', meaning 'by means of'.

自分

jibun — Oneself; a reflexive pronoun referring to the speaker.

仕事

shigoto — Work, job, or professional occupation and duties.

継ぐ

tsugu — To succeed, inherit, or carry on someone's work.

者

mono / sha — Person, one who does something; a suffix for people.

して

shite — Conjunctive form of 'suru'; meaning 'doing' or 'as'.

設計

sekkei — Design, planning, or blueprint for a project.

あり

ari — Conjunctive form of 'aru', meaning 'being' or 'existing'.

個性

kosei — Individuality, personality, or unique personal character.

重要

jūyō — Important, significant, or of great consequence.

視

shi — Suffix meaning 'to regard as' or 'to view as'.

なかっ

nakat- — Past negative stem; meaning 'was not' or 'did not'.

十四

jūshi / jūyon — The number fourteen.

歳

sai — Counter for age, indicating years old.

とき

toki — Time, moment, or occasion when something happens.

将軍

shōgun — A general or military commander; historical Japanese title.

家族

kazoku — Family; one's relatives living or associated together.

共に

tomo ni — Together with, jointly, or alongside someone.

南

minami — South; one of the four cardinal directions.

フランス

Furansu — France; the European country, borrowed from French.

訪れ

otozure — A visit, or to visit and call upon a place.

少なから

sukunakara — Stem of 'not a few'; meaning 'considerable' or 'significant'.

ぬ

nu — Classical negative auxiliary meaning 'not'; archaic form.

影響

eikyō — Influence, effect, or impact on someone or something.

与え

atae — To give, provide, or exert influence on someone.

それ

sore — That; a demonstrative pronoun referring to something nearby.

別

betsu — Different, separate, or another kind of thing.

雰囲気

fun'iki — Atmosphere, ambiance, or mood of a place or situation.

垣間見る

kaimamiru — To catch a glimpse of something; to peek at briefly.

機会

kikai — Opportunity, chance, or occasion to do something.

家庭

katei — Home, household, or domestic family environment.

生活

seikatsu — Daily life, livelihood, or way of living.

おける

okeru — In, at, or pertaining to a particular context or place.

勉学

bengaku — Studying, academic learning, or devoted scholarly effort.

習慣

shūkan — Habit, custom, or regular practice in daily life.

維持

iji — To maintain, preserve, or keep something in its state.

さらに

sara ni — Furthermore, additionally, or even more so.

この

kono — This; demonstrative adjective referring to something near.

訪問

hōmon — A visit or formal call to a person or place.

から

kara — From, because of; indicates origin or cause.

外国

gaikoku — A foreign country or nation outside one's own.

政治

seiji — Politics, government, or political affairs and activity.

へ

e — Directional particle indicating movement toward a destination.

関心

kanshin — Interest, concern, or attention directed toward something.

生まれ

umare — Birth; also 'to be born' in conjunctive stem form.

特徴

tokuchō — Characteristic feature, trait, or distinguishing quality.

一つ

hitotsu — One (thing); the number one in native Japanese counting.

続け

tsuzuke — To continue, keep on, or persist in doing something.

年

nen — Year; counter for years or a specific calendar year.

インド

Indo — India; the South Asian country, borrowed from English.

庁

chō — Government agency, office, or administrative authority.

審査

shinsa — Examination, screening, or official review of qualifications.

官

kan — Government official or bureaucrat in public service.

室

shitsu — Room, chamber, or office within a building.

下級

kakyū — Lower rank, junior grade, or subordinate level.

書記

shoki — Clerk, secretary, or official record keeper.

任命

ninmei — Appointment or official designation to a position.

最初

saisho — First, earliest, or the very beginning of something.

論文

ronbun — Academic paper, thesis, or written scholarly argument.

入る

hairu — To enter, go into, or be included in something.

約

yaku — Approximately, about, or roughly a certain amount.

一年

ichinen — One year; a period of twelve months.

前

mae — Before, in front of, or prior to a point in time.

紙

shi / kami — Paper; also used to refer to a newspaper publication.

書か

kaka — Negative or passive stem of 'to write'; written in.

以降

ikō — From that point onward; after a specified time.

文筆

bunpitsu — Literary writing, penmanship, or the art of writing.

活動

katsudō — Activity, action, or active engagement in something.

病気

byōki — Illness, sickness, or a state of being unwell.

発作

hossa — A seizure, fit, or sudden attack of illness.

中断

chūdan — Interruption, suspension, or temporary halt of something.

れる

reru — Passive or potential auxiliary suffix for verbs.

以外

igai — Except for, other than, or excluding something specified.

途絶える

todaeru — To cease, be interrupted, or come to a stop.

勤勉

kinben — Diligence, industriousness, or hardworking dedication.

驚異

kyōi — Wonder, marvel, or something astonishingly extraordinary.

もの

mono — Thing, object, or matter; abstract nominalizer.

だっ

dat- — Past copula contracted stem meaning 'was' or 'were'.

形而上学

keijijōgaku — Metaphysics; the philosophical study of fundamental reality.

哲学

tetsugaku — Philosophy; the academic study of fundamental questions.

宗教

shūkyō — Religion, faith, or organized system of spiritual belief.

詩

shi — Poetry, verse, or a poem as a literary form.

など

nado — Et cetera, and so on, or among other things.

無限

mugen — Infinite, limitless, or without end or boundary.

多様

tayō — Diverse, varied, or having many different types.

主題

shudai — Theme, subject matter, or main topic of discussion.

書い

kai- — Conjunctive stem of 'kaku', meaning 'wrote' or 'writing'.

同時代

dōjidai — The same era, contemporary period, or same generation.

人々

hitobito — People, various individuals, or persons in general.

発見

hakken — Discovery, finding, or detection of something new.

革命

kakumei — Revolution; a fundamental political or social upheaval.

執筆

shippitsu — Writing, authorship, or the act of composing texts.

成功

seikō — Success, achievement, or accomplishing a desired goal.