On Liberty — Page 12

Vocabulary

経済学

keizaigaku — The academic study of economics and financial systems.

における

ni okeru — In, at, or within a particular context or field.

の

no — Possessive or linking particle connecting nouns.

貢献

kouken — A contribution or act of contributing to something.

は

wa — Topic-marking particle indicating the sentence topic.

特定

tokutei — Specific, particular, or clearly identified thing or point.

明確

meikaku — Clear, definite, and unambiguous in expression or meaning.

な

na — Adjectival particle connecting na-adjectives to nouns.

点

ten — A point, aspect, or specific matter under consideration.

に

ni — Particle indicating direction, location, time, or target.

限ら

kagira — Stem form of 限る; to limit or restrict to something.

れ

re — Passive auxiliary verb suffix attached to verb stems.

て

te — Conjunctive particle connecting sequential or related actions.

いる

iru — Verb indicating an ongoing state or continuous action.

純粋

junsui — Pure, genuine, or unmixed without any external influence.

科学

kagaku — Science; systematic study of the natural world.

的

teki — Suffix meaning '-ic' or '-al', forming adjectival nouns.

部分

bubun — A part, portion, or section of a larger whole.

確か

tashika — Certainly, surely, or reliably true or accurate.

ところ

tokoro — Place, point, or circumstance in context or situation.

よれ

yore — Conditional form of よる; according to or based on.

ば

ba — Conditional particle meaning 'if' or 'when' something occurs.

彼女

kanojo — She, her, or a female romantic partner.

から

kara — Particle meaning 'from' indicating origin, source, or cause.

学ん

manan — Conjunctive form of 学ぶ; to learn or study something.

だ

da — Informal copula meaning 'is' or 'are' in Japanese.

もの

mono — Thing, object, or matter; sometimes adds nuance to statements.

で

de — Particle indicating means, location of action, or cause.

なかっ

nakatt — Past negative stem of ない; was not or did not.

た

ta — Past tense auxiliary indicating a completed action or state.

しかし

shikashi — However; a conjunction indicating contrast or contradiction.

ある

aru — To exist or be; there is something specific here.

こと

koto — Thing, fact, or matter; nominalizes verbs and adjectives.

を

wo — Object-marking particle indicating the direct object of verbs.

主張

shuchou — An assertion, claim, or argument one puts forward.

する

suru — To do; a versatile verb used with many nouns.

すべて

subete — All, everything, or every single item or instance.

従来

juurai — Conventional, traditional, or previously existing approach or method.

解説書

kaisetsusho — A commentary book or explanatory text on a subject.

本書

honsho — This book; referring to the current volume being discussed.

区別

kubetsu — A distinction or difference made between two things.

あの

ano — That (over there); referring to a distant or known thing.

全般

zenpan — Overall, general, or across the whole of something.

論調

ronchou — Tone or tenor of an argument or discussion.

与え

atae — Conjunctive form of 与える; to give or provide something.

それら

sorera — Those things; plural pronoun referring to previously mentioned items.

が

ga — Subject-marking particle identifying the grammatical subject.

反発

hanpatsu — Repulsion, resistance, or a strong negative reaction.

さ

sa — Nominalization suffix or passive auxiliary conjugation component.

せ

se — Causative auxiliary stem making someone do something.

人々

hitobito — People; plural form indicating multiple individuals collectively.

心

kokoro — Heart, mind, or inner spirit of a person.

和解

wakai — Reconciliation or settlement after conflict or disagreement.

せる

seru — Causative auxiliary verb; to make or let someone do.

これ

kore — This; proximal demonstrative pronoun for nearby things.

ほど

hodo — To the extent of, as much as, or approximately.

有用

yuuyou — Useful, practical, or beneficial for a particular purpose.

し

shi — Conjunctive form listing reasons or connecting related clauses.

主

omo / nushi — Main, primary, or chief; also master or lord.

と

to — Particle meaning 'and', 'with', or quotation marker.

影響

eikyou — Influence or effect one thing has on another.

あっ

att — Conjunctive form of ある/あった; existing or having been.

この

kono — This; proximal demonstrative adjective modifying nearby nouns.

物

mono / butsu — A thing, object, or physical matter in general.

性質

seishitsu — Nature, character, or inherent quality of something.

依存

izon — Dependence or reliance on another person or thing.

自然

shizen — Nature; the natural world or something occurring naturally.

真

shin / ma — Truth, true, or genuine; sincere and authentic.

法則

housoku — A law, rule, or principle governing natural phenomena.

富

tomi — Wealth, riches, or abundance of valuable resources.

生産

seisan — Production or manufacturing of goods and commodities.

一定

ittei — Fixed, constant, or established without variation or change.

条件

jouken — Condition, requirement, or prerequisite for something to occur.

もと

moto — Under, based on, or originating from certain conditions.

人間

ningen — Human being, humanity, or human nature in general.

意志

ishi — Will, volition, or firm intention to do something.

分配

bunpai — Distribution or allocation of resources among people.

様式

youshiki — Style, mode, or pattern of doing or organizing things.

間

aida / kan — Between, among, or a period of time or space.

適切

tekisetsu — Appropriate, suitable, or fitting for a given situation.

設ける

moukeru — To establish, set up, or create a rule or distinction.

私

watashi — I or me; first-person singular pronoun in Japanese.

たしか

tashika — If I recall correctly; expressing uncertain recollection.

事物

jibutsu — Things and matters; objects and affairs in general.

見方

mikata — A way of seeing or viewing things; perspective.

主義者

shugisha — An '-ist'; a believer or adherent of an ideology.

たち

tachi — Plural suffix for people, indicating a group.

思索

shisaku — Deep thinking, contemplation, or philosophical reflection.

よっ

yott — Contracted form of よって; by means of or through.

中

naka / chuu — Inside, middle, or among a group or space.

呼び

yobi — Conjunctive form of 呼ぶ; to call, summon, or awaken.

覚まさ

samasa — Causative stem of 覚める; to awaken or rouse something.

思想

shisou — Thought, ideology, or philosophical idea or system.

程度

teido — Degree, extent, or level of something measured.

い

i — Stem of いる; to be or exist in ongoing state.

それ

sore — That; medial demonstrative pronoun for things near listener.

浸透

shintou — Permeation, penetration, or spreading deeply into something.

活気

kakki — Vitality, energy, or liveliness in a person or place.

与える

ataeru — To give, grant, or provide something to someone.

生き

iki — Conjunctive form of 生きる; to live or be alive.

原理

genri — A principle, fundamental rule, or foundational concept.

妻

tsuma — Wife; one's own spouse in a marriage relationship.

示唆

shisa — A suggestion, implication, or hint about something indirect.

よる

yoru — To be due to, based on, or depending on something.

イタリック

atarikku — Italic; slanted typeface used for emphasis in text.

体

tai — Style or form, as in typeface style or body.

なっ

natt — Conjunctive form of なる; to become or turn into.

注目

chuumoku — Attention, notice, or focus directed toward something notable.

値する

ataisuru — To be worth, merit, or deserve consideration or attention.

ここ

koko — Here; proximal demonstrative for the current location.

も

mo — Also, too, or even; additive or emphatic particle.

他

hoka / ta — Other, another, or elsewhere; referring to different items.

箇所

kasho — A place, spot, or specific passage in a text.

同様

douyou — Likewise, similarly, or in the same manner as before.

自分

jibun — Oneself; reflexive pronoun referring to the speaker themselves.

自身

jishin — Oneself or personally; emphasizes the subject doing something.

問題

mondai — A problem, question, or issue requiring attention or solution.

考え

kangae — A thought, idea, or the act of thinking something through.

抜く

nuku — To pull out; also to think something thoroughly through.

具体

gutai — Concrete, specific, or tangible as opposed to abstract.

形

katachi — Shape, form, or a concrete manifestation of something.

促さ

unagasa — Passive stem of 促す; to be prompted or urged.

れる

reru — Passive auxiliary verb indicating an action done to subject.

別

betsu — Separate, different, or another distinct item or case.

語っ

katatt — Conjunctive form of 語る; to speak, narrate, or discuss.

章

shou — A chapter or section in a book or document.

より

yori — More than, from, or compared to; comparative or source particle.

世論

yoron / seron — Public opinion or the views held by general society.

大きな

ookina — Large, big, or great in size, scale, or significance.

すなわち

sunawachi — Namely, that is to say, or in other words.

労働者

roudousha — A worker, laborer, or member of the working class.

階級

kaikyuu — A social class or hierarchical rank within society.

将来

shourai — The future; prospects or outlook for what lies ahead.

見通し

mitooshi — Outlook, forecast, or ability to see what lies ahead.

つい

tsui — Concerning, about, or inadvertently doing something without thinking.

まったく

mattaku — Completely, entirely, or absolutely; expressing total degree.

おかげ

okage — Thanks to, owing to, or because of something or someone.

最初

saisho — First, the beginning, or the very start of something.

草稿

soukou — A draft, manuscript, or preliminary version of a text.

その

sono — That; medial demonstrative adjective modifying nouns near listener.

存在

sonzai — Existence or presence of something or someone somewhere.